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. 2021 Dec 7;13(24):6152. doi: 10.3390/cancers13246152

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Autophagic pathway. As cells are subjected to micro environmental stress, AMPK activation occurs, which in turn leads to activation of ULK-1 complex (ULK-1, ATG13, ATG101 and FIP200). ULK-1 complex activation results in assembly of Class III PI3K (Beclin-1, Vps34, AMBRA, p150 and ATG14). Both ULK-1 complex and Class III PI3K translocate to the nucleation site and stimulate formation of the isolation membrane known as the phagophore. Elongation of the phagophore occurs via the effect of both LC3-II and ATG5-ATG12-ATG16 until a double membrane vesicle is formed, which is known as the autophagosome. Autophagosomes fuse with the lysosome which leads to cargo degradation via effect of lysosomal enzymes with release of biomolecules. Green arrows indicate activation. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 15 October 2021).