Skip to main content
. 2021 Dec 7;13(24):6152. doi: 10.3390/cancers13246152

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Regulatory mechanism for autophagic initiation. Under stressful micro environmental conditions, AMPK is activated, which in turn induces autophagy initiation either by inhibiting mTORC1 or direct phosphorylation of ULK-1 at Ser317 and Ser777. Activated ULK-1 phosphorylates AMBRA-1 that is attached to Beclin-1/Vps34 and results in its dissociation from the microtubule. This activates the assembly of ClassIII PI3K leading to autophagy initiation. mTORC-1 negatively regulates autophagy through inhibition of ULK-1 via phosphorylation at Ser757. Green arrow indicates activation, red arrow indicates inhibition and P indicates phosphorylation. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 15 October 2021).