Table 3. Evidence of MAYV infection in non-human primates.
| Species | Positive (n) | Total tested (n)a | % Pos | Test method | Notes | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alouatta seniculus | 51 | 98 | 52.0 | HI with confirmatory NTd | NA | [21] |
| 1 | 1 | 100.0 | ELISA with confirmatory plaque-reduction NT | NA | [92] | |
| Callithrix argentata | 32 | 119 | 26.9 | HI with confirmatory NT | One isolation also reported but not included in this table. | [19] |
| Cebus libidinosu s b | 6 | 100 | 6.0 | HI | Six reactions were monotypic, and 23 were heterotypic, with titers of 1:20 (n = 1), 1:80 (n = 6), 1:160 (n = 2), 1:320 (n = 6), 1:640 (n = 6), and 1:1280 (n = 8). Only 6 of the 29 reactions were monotypic. | [82] |
| Tamarin, Pithecia, Cebus (species not specified) | 7 | 21 | 33.3 | HI | Results presented as a table from the Belem Virus Laboratory, but no further information is provided regarding the study methods or primate species. | [56] |
| Cebus apella | 10 | 62 | 16.1 | HI | Titer results for monotypic reactions were 1:80 (n = 2), 1:160 (n = 7) and 1:640 (n = 1). Three additional samples showed positive results for MAYV and another virus. | [63] |
| Saguinas midas | 8 | 42 | 19.1 | HI with confirmatory NTd | NA | [21] |
| Alouatta sp.c | 7 | 11 | 63.6 | HI | NA | [11] |
| Lagothrix poeppigii | 6 | 11 | 54.5 | ELISA with confirmatory plaque-reduction NT | NA | [92] |
| Saimiri sciureus | 4 | 6 | 66.7 | HI with confirmatory NTd | NA | [21] |
| Pithecia pithecia | 4 | 5 | 80.0 | HI with confirmatory NTd | NA | [21] |
| Cebus sp.c | 4 | 13 | 30.8 | HI | NA | [11] |
| Alouatta villosa | 3 | 5 | 60.0 | Plaque-reduction NT | Samples considered positive if 90% plaque reduction by plasma 1:16 or weaker. The median positive titer was 1:128 (range 1:32–1:512). | [20] |
| Sapajus sp. | 3 | 43 | 7.0 | HI and RT-PCR | Positive samples had a monotypic reaction to MAYV with titers of 1:80 (n = 1) and 1:160 (n = 2). All samples negative by RT-PCR. | [54] |
| Sapajus xanthosternos | 1 | 2 | 50.0 | Plaque-reduction NT | Plaque reduction NTs were performed against MAYV for all CHIKV-positive samples. The sample neutralized both MAYV and CHIKV at titers of 1:40. | [87] |
| Ateles marginatus | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | Plaque-reduction NT | Plaque reduction NTs were performed against MAYV for all CHIKV-positive samples. The sample neutralized both MAYV and CHIKV at titers of 1:40. | [87] |
| Alouatta belzebul | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | HI with confirmatory NT | NA | [19] |
| Sapajus macrocephalus | 1 | 6 | 16.7 | ELISA with confirmatory plaque-reduction NT | NA | [92] |
| Cacajao calvus | 1 | 3 | 33.3 | ELISA with confirmatory plaque-reduction NT | NA | [92] |
| Callicebus brunneus e | 1 | N/A | NA | HI | Sera reacted against MAYV and Tacaiuma virus. No additional information provided. | [70] |
| Aotus sp.c | 1 | 4 | 25.0 | HI | NA | [11] |
| Saimiri sp.c | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | HI | NA | [11] |
MAYV: Mayaro virus; HI: hemagglutination inhibition; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; NT: neutralization test; CHIKV: Chikungunya virus
a Denominators presented in this table reflect only studies that reported MAYV positivity. Complete data (including MAYV-negative samples) are included in the seroprevalence meta-analysis and the S1 Table.
b Captive primates from a wildlife rescue facility.
c Sera analyzed for MAYV may have had cross reactivity with Una virus because the authors used a Colombian isolate that was initially characterized as MAYV but was later identified as Una virus. A differential test was not performed for MAYV. However, the authors identified human sera that was reactive to MAYV alone in the same study region.
d Serum samples with titers >1:20 confirmed by seroneutralization. Positive reaction was considered with the total inhibition of the cytopathic effect in the cell monolayer.
e Authors also reported that seven monkey sera among the 14 examined were positive for yellow fever and MAYV, of which five were positive for the two agents. The species of these positive samples were: Pithecia pithecia (n = 1), Alouatta seniculus (n = 2), Saimiri sciureus (n = 1), Saguinus midas (n = 1), and Ateles paniscus (n = 2). However, they did not note the specific primate species that were positive for MAYV.