Table 1.

Selected study characteristics.

	Authors	Study Design	Population Characteristics	ICI	Physical Activity	Outcome
Clinical/Human
1	Lacey, J. et al. (2018) [21]	Pre-/Post-test cohort design	N = 28 MM patients; 13 intervention, 15 control; (3 non-complete); age 42–85, median 66; 16 male, 12 female; median 2.75 years since diagnosis	Pembrolizumab	1 h consultation w/exercise physiologist to design an exercise program that included 16 sessions of physical activity tailored to patient’s preferences and capabilities and an activity monitor; review throughout 9-week trial and follow-up at completion of 9 weeks; included aerobic, resistance, and other (qi gong, yoga, etc.)	Adherence, patient-reported symptoms, anxiety and depression, and toxicity
Pre-Clinical/Murine
2	Bay, M.L. et al. (2020) [18]	RCT	8–16 weeks old C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous tumors (B16 melanoma tumors); all female; 4 groups N = 14 (control sedentary, control exercising, treated sedentary, and treated exercising); identical studies of PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitors	PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitor treatment After tumor inoculation, injections were 3x per week for 2 weeks	Voluntary wheel running Mice had access to wheels for 5 weeks prior to study	Immune response in an immunologically ‘cold’ tumor; Tumor growth, changes in body weight and spleen weight
3	Gomes-Santos, I.L. et al. (2021) [19]	RCT	8–10 weeks old female C57BL/6, FVB, Balb/c mice; breast tumor tissue at 100 mm3 signaled study start; CD8+T cells depleted prior to study start; n = 6 mice per group	Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB): anti-PD-1 alone, anti-PD-1 with anti-CTLA-4 or IgG administered concurrent with ExTr	Treadmill to mimic moderate-to-vigorous intensity prescribed by American College of Sports Medicine 30–60 min. 3–5 d/wk; exercise training of 45 min/d treadmill time at 60% maximal velocity	Time for tumor growth; tumor and surrounding vasculature; immune cell counts
4	Martín-Ruiz, A. et al. (2020) [20]	RCT	Human NSCLC tissue (previously untreated basaloid infiltrating squamous cell stage IIA) and patient derived xenograft (PDX) mice; 8-week-old female mice; 100 mm3 tumor size included; non-exercise control n = 5, exercise control n = 5, exercise + nivolumab n = 6, non-exercise + nivolumab n = 6	Nivolumab	Aerobic and resistance training 5 days per week; aerobic 5 days/week: treadmill work up to 80% max velocity, strength 2 days per week: horizontal screen exercise (climbing), hanging with two limbs; 8-week intervention	Aerobic capacity, forelimb grip strength, tumor volume and growth rate, cell proliferation, apoptosis,