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. 2021 Dec 9;10(12):3483. doi: 10.3390/cells10123483

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A comparison of immature and mature CMs. Representative image of immunofluorescent staining of cardiac marker α-actinin and MLC2v as well as gap junction proteins connexin 43 (Cx43) and nucleus (blue) at day 14 (a) and days 28 (b). Schematic drawing of the major difference between immature and mature CMs (c,d). Note that immature CM (c) differ from mature CM (d) with respect to shape, sarcomere structure and length, T-tubules, mitochondria, number of nuclei, sarcoplasmic area, gap junction Cx43, and β1-adrenergic expression. Abbreviation: sarcoplasmic reticulum, (SR); ryanodine receptor, (RyR) channels; sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase, (SERCA); Golgi body, (GB); β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR); Na+-Ca²⁺ exchanger (Na/Ca X); phospholamban, (PLP).