Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics.
| Weight Loss (n = 18) |
Aerobic Exercise Training (n = 17) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| Age (years) | 60.2 ± 1.3 | 60.5 ± 1.1 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 102.4 ± 4.1 | 93.0 ± 3.6 ‡,a | 94.3 ± 3.9 | 93.2 ± 4.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 ‡ | 33 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 110.7 ± 2.9 | 103.9 ± 2.6 ‡ | 102.7 ± 3.1 | 100.9 ± 3.5 * |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 119.5 ± 2.2 | 113.9 ± 2.1 ‡ | 116.4 ± 2.7 | 115.8 ± 2.7 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.02 * | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.03 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 23.72 ± 1.24 | 25.52 ± 1.39 ‡ | 25.11 ± 1.08 | 29.30 ±1.45 ‡a |
| VO2max (L/min) | 2.40 ± 0.14 | 2.36 ± 0.14 | 2.40 ± 0.14 | 2.72 ± 0.14 ‡a |
| Body Composition | ||||
| Percent body fat | 43.2 ± 1.8 | 39.7 ± 2.0 ‡ a | 39.6 ± 2.0 | 38.3 ± 2.2 † |
| Fat mass (kg) | 44.1 ± 2.3 | 37.4 ± 2.2 ‡ a | 38.0 ± 2.7 | 36.8 ± 3.1 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 55.8 ± 3.2 | 54.5 ± 3.1 † | 54.6 ± 2.6 | 55.5 ± 2.9 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 58.1 ± 3.2 | 56.8 ± 3.1 †a | 57.4 ± 2.7 | 58.4 ± 3.0 * |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 205.7 ± 22.9 | 173.0 ± 14.0 * | 172.0 ± 20.7 | 146.7 ± 19.6 b |
| Subcutaneous abdominal fat area (cm2) | 464.1 ± 33.5 | 389.7 ± 36.4 * | 395.5 ± 41.3 | 388.6 ± 44.5 b |
| Sagittal diameter (cm) | 29.8 ± 0.8 | 25.4 ± 1.0 * | 25.0 ± 1.1 | 25.6 ± 1.0 |
| Mid-thigh muscle area (cm2) | 91.4 ± 6.5 | 91.1 ± 7.1 | 90.4 ± 7.3 | 90.1 ± 6.4 |
| Mid-thigh subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 137.0 ± 16.1 | 118.7 ± 17.2 * | 138.3 ± 19.9 | 130.8 ± 19.6 |
| Mid-thigh intramuscular fat area (cm2) | 35.0 ± 3.1 | 36.1 ± 2.6 | 36.2 ± 3.0 | 33.1 ± 3.3 † |
| Mid-thigh muscle attenuation (HU) | 36.2 ± 1.6 | 36.5 ± 1.7 | 35.1 ± 1.8 | 35.0 ± 2.1 |
| Glucose Tolerance | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.63 ± 0.14 | 5.19 ± 0.09 ‡ a | 5.48 ± 0.70 | 5.33 ± 0.59 |
| 120-min postprandial glucose (mmol/L) | 8.38 ± 0.57 | 7.27 ± 0.54 † | 7.38 ± 2.39 | 7.18 ± 2.38 |
| 180-min postprandial glucose (mmol/L) | 5.40 ± 0.31 | 4.94 ± 0.36 * | 5.17 ± 0.36 | 4.90 ± 0.32 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 113 ± 11 | 84 ± 9 ** | 109 ± 11 | 97 ± 10 |
| 120-min insulin (pmol/L) | 757 ± 102 | 521 ± 60 † | 603 ± 104 | 506 ± 61 |
| 180-min insulin (pmol/L) | 361 ± 61 | 229 ± 54 † | 239 ± 37 | 211 ± 49 |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/L/120 min) | 1054 ± 53 | 914 ± 50 ‡b | 964 ± 216 | 962 ± 224 |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/L/180 min) | 1433 ± 73 | 1283 ± 70 ‡b | 1358 ± 322 | 1333 ± 317 |
| Insulin AUC (pmol/L/120 min) | 72,065 ± 7235 | 53,386 ± 6674 † | 66,335 ± 7686 | 60,892 ± 7350 |
| Insulin AUC (pmol/L/180 min) | 110,109 ± 13,897 | 79,698 ± 9619 * | 92,009 ± 10,434 | 82,778 ± 9568 * |
| Insulin Sensitivity | ||||
| M(µmol/kg/min) | 22.54 ± 2.22 | 31.90 ± 2.47 ‡ | 25.58 ± 2.69 | 33.24 ± 3.09 ** |
| M(µmol/kgFFM/min) | 41.22 ± 4.86 | 53.50 ± 4.66 ** | 46.53 ± 4.84 | 54.36 ± 5.38 † |
Baseline comparisons of the two intervention groups were performed using unpaired Student’s t-tests. One-way ANOVA was used to test differences in changes in outcomes between interventions (a: p < 0.001, b: p < 0.05). Paired t-test compared each characteristic within groups: * p ≤ 0.05, † p ≤ 0.01, ** p ≤ 0.005, ‡ p ≤ 0.001. Analyses were completed with the SPSS software version 27 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Data shown are mean ± SD.