Table 2.
Outcome measures of the analysed studies.
| Author and Year | Time of Assessment | Outcome Variables | Assessment Tools | Outcomes: Mean (SD) | Conclusions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||||
| Cox et al. [27] (2018) | T0: initial assessment (n = 107). T1: 8 weeks (n = 97). T2: 15 weeks (n = 92). T3:135 weeks (n = 77). |
Health-related quality of life (includes pain): patients and parents. | Patients: Child Health Questionnaire a (bodily pain) | E.G. | 59.58 (28.36) | 55.58 (25.19) | 60.73 (25.53) | 71.58 (23.31) | Although there were improvements in outcomes over time, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups | |
| C.G. | 56.38 (26.82) | 65.23 (26.37) | 66.67 (25.05) | 76.34 (22.78) | ||||||
| Parents: Child Health Questionnaire (bodily pain) | E.G. | 46.79 (24.24) | 46.6 (19.14) | 58.37 (19.02) | 71.08 (23.78) | |||||
| C.G. | 49.81 (23) | 50.42 (16.01) | 60.21 (22.55) | 72.38 (25.26) | ||||||
| PA patterns (hours/day) | SenseWear Pro III accelerometer | E.G. | - | 8.45 (9.94) | 5.81 (5.91) | 11.86 (10.06) | ||||
| C.G. | - | 9.32 (12.26) | 7.84 (10.17) | 12.84 (12.80) | ||||||
| Hooke et al. [29] (2019) | T1: 2 months (n = 28). T2: 4 months b (n = 21). T3: 6 months (n = 12). | PA level | Self-report: leisure score index of the GLTEQ | E.G. | 54.9 (10.8) | 60.4 (7.8) | 51.1 (10.2) | No statistically significant differences have been found in the outcomes between both groups of over time. | ||
| Historical C.G b. | - | 49.3 (63.1) | - | |||||||
| Actigraphy c: Actigraph GT3X accelerometer. | E.G. | Steps/day | 4000 | 3500 | 4300 | |||||
| PA minutes/day | 95 | 70 | 70 | |||||||
| % sedentarism/day | 80 | 85 | 85 | |||||||
| Fatigued | FS-Cb and FS-A b | E.G. | Combined group | 53.9 (2.0) | 51.0 (2.0) | 48.7 (2.6) | ||||
| ALL | 59.6 (5.2) | 54.6 (4.3) | - | |||||||
| Lymphoma | 54.3 (2.2) | 47.6 (5.2) | - | |||||||
| Solid tumours | 50.8 (3.8) | 55.0 (2.9) | 58.7 (2.1) | |||||||
| Historical C.Gb. | - | 51.1 (9.1) | - | |||||||
| Lam et al. [28] (2018) | T0: initial assessment (n = 70). T1: 6 months (n = 70). T2: 9 months (n = 70). | Fatigue | Chinese version of the FS-C | E.G. | 49.2 (7.5) | 48.2 (7.2) | 47.6 (7.5) | - | Statistically significant improvement in all outcome variables of the E.G. from T0 to T2. | |
| C.G. | 49.7 (6.9) | 53.7 (7.0) | 54.7 (6.7) | - | ||||||
| PA level | CUHK-PARCY questionnaire | E.G. | 2 (1.2) | - | 4 (2.0) | - | ||||
| C.G. | 2 (1.3) | - | 1.9 (1.3) | - | ||||||
| PA self-efficacy | PA-SE scale | E.G. | 7.8 (2.3) | 8.4 (1.8) | 8.6 (2.0) | - | ||||
| C.G. | 7.7 (2.7) | 6.4 (2.0) | 6.3 (2.2) | - | ||||||
| QOL | Chinese version of the PedsQL questionnaire | E.G. | 63.0 (7.1) | 64.0 (6.0) | 64.7 (6.0) | - | ||||
| C.G. | 62.3 (9.2) | 60.4 (9.0) | 58.0 (8.5) | - | ||||||
| Li et al. [25] (2018) | T0: initial assessment (n = 222). T1: 6 months (n = 222). T2: 12 months (n = 222). |
Fatigue | Chinese version of the FS-C | E.G. | 29.4 (4.2) | 26.6 (4.9) | 22.3 (4.2) | - | Statistically significant improvement in all outcome variables of the E.G. from T0 to T2. | |
| C.G. | 29.2 (4.1) | 28.5 (4.2) | 28.9 (4.9) | - | ||||||
| PA level | CUKH-PARCY questionnaire | E.G. | 3.0 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.6) | 6.0 (1.8) | - | ||||
| C.G: | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.6) | - | ||||||
| PA self-efficacy | PA-SE scale | E.G. | 9.1 (3.4) | 10.5 (3.0) | 11.9 (3.0) | - | ||||
| C.G. | 9.0 (3.1) | 9.1 (3.0) | 9.0 (3.1) | - | ||||||
| QOL | Chinese version of the PedsQL scale | E.G. | 68.6 (11.6) | 70.3 (11.9) | 79.8 (13.2) | - | ||||
| C.G. | 68.4 (11.5) | 68.4 (12.0) | 70.1 (12.8) | - | ||||||
| Mendoza et al. [26] (2017) | T0: initial assessment (n = 59). T1: 8–10 weeks (n = 59). | PA level | Actigraph GT3X+ e accelerometer | PA minutes/day | E.G | - | +4.4 | - | - | No significant differences were found for any of the outcome variables in either of the two study groups. |
| C.G | - | +5 | - | - | ||||||
| Sedentarism | E.G | - | −4.5 | - | - | |||||
| C.G | - | +1 | - | - | ||||||
| Health-related QOL (includes pain) | PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core f scale | E.G. | 79.7 | 79.1 | - | - | ||||
| C.G. | 77.5 | 79.4 | - | - | ||||||
| PedsQL Cancer Module Scores f: bodily pain | E.G. | 73.2 | 69.6 | - | - | |||||
| C.G. | 73.5 | 70.8 | - | - | ||||||
| Ovans et al. [30] (2018) | T0: initial assessment (n = 15). T1: 12 weeks (n = 15). T2: 24 weeks (n = 11). |
PA level | Objective: FitBit Flex® (steps/day) | E.G. | 8956 (4589) | 8944 (3022) | 10,141 (3260) | - | Statistically significant improvements in total, general and sleep/rest-related fatigue between T0 and T1, as well as in total and general fatigue between T0 and T2 of the 11 participants left. | |
| Subjective: leisure score index of the GLTEQ f | E.G. | 45 | 52 | 73 | - | |||||
| QOL | PedsQL Generic Core Scale f | E.G. | 84.38 | 85.50 | 91.75 | - | ||||
| Fatigue | PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale f | E.G. | Tot.F. | 72.22 | 83.33 | - | - | |||
| Gen.F. | 70.83 | 83.33 | 87.50 | |||||||
| S-R. F. | 62.50 | 75.00 | 79.17 | |||||||
| Cog.F. | 79.17 | 83.33 | 87.50 | |||||||
Abbreviations: ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; C.G.: control group; Cog.F.: cognitive fatigue; CUHK-PARCY: Chinese University of Hong-Kong Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth; E.G.: experimental group; FS-A: Fatigue Scale—Adolescent; FS-C-: Fatigue Scale—Child; Gen.F.: general fatigue; GLTEQ: Godin-Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire; PA: physical activity; PA-SE: Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale; PedsQL: Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory; n: sample size; QOL: quality of life; SD: standard deviation; S-R. F.: sleep/rest fatigue; T0: initial assessment; T1: first assessment; T2: second assessment; T3: third assessment; Tot.F.: total fatigue. Additional information: a This questionnaire was not completed by children under 5 years of age. b These variables were evaluated in a historical control group (n = 27) from the same centre after receiving the cancer intervention (4 months) and before receiving the “Kids Are Moving” programme. c These outcomes are not presented in a numerical form, but in graphs. d Fatigue outcomes are presented for both the combined group and for each of the different cancer types. e These results were analysed by measuring the difference between T0 and T1 of the mean minutes of moderate-vigorous PA and sedentary activity in both groups. f These results are presented without standard deviation.