Appendix 1—table 1. Parameterization of cell-shaping forces, cell adhesion, polarization, and endoderm stiffness for single migrating cells and cell pairs.

Parametername	Standard single		Supracellulardouble		Doublesame		Climbing
Used in figure	Figure 1B and C		Figures 1B, C, 2B (after polarization), Figure 3D (LT mode), Figure 3G		Figures 1E and 2B (before polarization), Figure 3D (I mode, FS mode)		Figure 2—figure supplement 1
$\lambda$	0.1		0.1		0.1		0.2
$V$	905		905		905		905
$\kappa$	0.02		0.02		0.02		0.06
$J_{LT}$			16		16		16
$J_{LS}$	14		14		14		14
$J_{TS}$			15		14		40
$Pr{o}_L$	160		180		160 (200 for FS mode in Figure 3D)		180
$Re{t}_L$	40		20		40 (50 for FS mode in Figure 3D)		20
$Pr{o}_T$			$150{\left(\alpha -\phi \right)}^{*}$		160		$150{\left(\alpha -\phi \right)}^{*}$
$Re{t}_T$			70		40 (30 for FS mode in Figure 3D)		300
${\alpha }_{pL}$	66°		90°		66°		90°
${\alpha }_{rL}$	90°		90°		90°		90°
${\alpha }_{pT}$			90°		66°		90°
${\alpha }_{rT}$			90°		90°		90°
With noise
Used in figure	Figure 4A and B		Figure 4A and B
${\omega }_1$	0.005		0.005
${\omega }_2$			0.1
$\sigma$	0.1		0.1
With endoderm cells
Used in figure	Figure 5D		Figure 5D		Figure 5D
	Soft	Stiff	Soft	Stiff	Soft	Stiff
${\lambda }_E$	0.05	0.5	0.05	0.5	0.05	0.5
$V_E$	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
${\kappa }_E$	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
$J_{EE}$	0	0	0	0	0	0
$J_{LT}$			10	10	16	16
All the other $J$ s not listed above are 20.The $J$ s not listed for the ‘with noise’ and ‘with endoderm’ part are the same as the part without noise or endoderm.$L,T,E,S$in the subscripts of parameter names mean ‘leader,’ ‘trailer,’ ‘endoderm,’ and ‘substrate,’ respectively.* $(\alpha -\phi )$ is as listed in equations in the Materials and methods section.