Table 2.
List of tools for malaria diagnosis.
| S.No. | Omics | Target Biomolecule | Methodology | Species | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Limit of Detection (Parasite/µL) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Phenome | iRBCs | Microscopy | Pv and Pf | 84.30 | 90.80 | 50 | [35,36] |
| 2 | Phenome | iRBCs | Attenuated total reflectance Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) | Pf and Pv | 92 | 97 | 0.5 | [37] |
| 3 | Phenome | iRBCs | Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) Test | Pf and Pm | 55.9 | 88.8 | 1000 | [38] |
| 4 | Genome | 18S rRNA | Nested PCR | Pf, Pv, Po, Pm | 98.5 | 94.3 | 1–2 Pf and 5–10 Pv | [39,40] |
| 5 | Genome | 18S rRNA | Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) | Pf and Pv | 98.5 | 94.3 | 365 | [40,41] |
| 6 | Genome | cytochrome c oxidase III | Multiplex single-tube nested PCR (M.S.T.N.P.C.R.) | Pf, Pv, Po, Pm, Pk | 88.7 | 100 | 0.3 Pf | [42] |
| 7 | Proteome | pLDH | Immunochromatographic microfluidic device (IMD) | Pf and Pan | 100 | >85 | 87 Pf, 174 Pv | [7,43] |
| 8 | Proteome | pLDH and PfHRPII | Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) | Pf and Pan | 100 | >85 | 500 | [44] |
| 9 | Inorganic biocrystal | Hemozoin | Micro N.M.R. | Pf | 97.90 | 90 | <10 | [3,5] |
| 10 | Inorganic biocrystal | Hemozoin | Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (S.E.R.S.) using butterfly-wing nanostructures | Pf 3D7 | NA | NA | 25 | [30] |
| 11 | Inorganic biocrystal | Hemozoin | Magneto-optical technology (M.O.T.) using polarized light | Pf, Pv, Po, Pm | 78.3 | 74.4 | 600 | [45] |
| 12 | Inorganic biocrystal | Hemozoin | Cell Dyn machine | Pf, Pv, Po, Pm | 93 | 97 | 27.786 | [46] |
| 13 | Metabolome | Retinol | LC-MS | Pv | NA | NA | NA | [47] |
| 14 | Metabolome | Pipecolic acid | LC-MS | Pv, Pf | NA | NA | NA | [48] |
| 15 | Metabolome | Hippuric acid | LC-MS | Pv, Pf | NA | NA | NA | [48] |