Table 1.

Summary of selected sleep-reporting tools and their utility in assessing sleep disturbances.

Sleep Reporting Tools	Form of Assessment	Population	Uses
Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire [122]	35-item, parent questionnaire, analyzes 8 different sleep domains	Parent-reported questionnaire: ages 4–10 years	Broadly assesses sleep disturbances with behavioral and medical causes. Evaluates bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, nighttime awakening, parasomnia, SDB, and daytime sleepiness.
Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children [123]	26-item questionnaire that analyzes 5 different sleep domains	Parent- and self-reported: ages 3–16 years [125]	Categorizes the general type of sleep disturbance experienced. Assesses sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, arousal disorders, sleep–wake transition disorders, excessive somnolence, and sleep hyperhidrosis.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents [126]	8-question survey	Modified scale for self-reporting: ages 12–18 years	Measures the effects of daytime sleepiness on adolescents’ physical and mental health, including effects on school performance.
Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale [127]	8-question survey	Self-reported survey validated for children and adolescents in middle school: ages 11–15 years	Determines severity of daytime sleepiness and effects on outcomes in school performance. Correlates daytime sleepiness with changes in mood.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment item banks [124,128]	2 portions: 15-item questionnaire assessing sleep disturbances, 13-item questionnaire assessing sleep-related impairment	Self-reported version: ages 8–17 years; parent-reported version: ages 5–17 years	Assesses difficulties in falling and staying asleep and daytime sleepiness and their effects on daytime functioning.
Children’s Report of Sleep Patterns [129]	60-item questionnaire with 3 domains: Sleep Patterns, Sleep Hygiene Index and Sleep Disturbance scale	Self-reported questionnaire: ages 8–12 years	Use 3 domains, collectively or independently, to determine the source of sleep issues (sleep habits prior to bedtime, sleep patterns, and sleep disturbances).
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [130]	19 sleep items analyzing sleep quality, assessed in healthy and non-healthy adults	Self-reported questionnaire initially designed for adults, with no pediatric-specific form Has been used in the pediatric cancer population [8,43]	Measures general sleep quality, taking into account sleep duration, sleep latency, daytime issues due to ineffective sleep, and use of sleep medication.
Sleep Diary [118]	Subjective tool to record nightly sleep information	Self- or parent-reported: all pediatric age groups	Follows a wide array of comprehensive data for each night’s sleep: duration of sleep, sleep onset latency, nighttime awakenings, and bedtime behavior. Preferred over questionnaires for further details on sleep–wake cycles. Most accurate when combined with actigraphy.
Actigraphy [131]	Wristwatch-like device used in the outpatient setting	All pediatric age groups	Assesses sleep–wake information, such as sleep onset, total sleep time, and nighttime awakening. Most accurate when combined with a sleep diary.
Polysomnography [132]	Diagnostic tool for the evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing, especially OSA	All pediatric patients; more data are needed for patients <6 months [133]	Gold standard for diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing and establishing non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. settings for therapy of OSA Can also be used to diagnose limb movement disorders.