Table 1.

Comparison of characteristics between symptomatic giardiasis and asymptomatic giardia infection of under-five children in African sites.

Indicators	Cases Giardia (n = 1151) (%)	Healthy Controls Giardia (n = 2094) (%)	(Unadjusted) OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age of the participants in months
0–11	226 (19.6%)	417 (19.9%)	0.98 (0.82–1.17)	0.884
12–23	426 (37.0%)	902 (43.1%)	0.77 (0.66–0.90)	0.0001
24–59	499 (43.4%)	775 (37.0%)	1.30 (1.12–1.50)	0.001
Sex of the participants
Female	537 (46.7%)	933 (44.6%)	1.08 (0.94–1.25)	0.265
Wealth quintile
Rich	706 (61.3%)	1188 (56.8%)	1.20 (1.04–1.40)	0.012
Poor	445 (38.7%)	905 (43.2%)	0.83 (0.71–0.96)	0.012
Source of water
Deep tube well	1141 (99.1%)	2077 (99.2%)	0.93 (0.43–2.04)	0.975
Shallow tube well	10 (0.9%)	17 (0.8%)	1.07 (0.48–2.34)	0.975
Use treated water
Yes	246 (21.4%)	358 (17.1%)	1.31(1.09–1.57)	0.003
No	905 (78.6%)	1736 (82.9%)
Toilet facility
Sanitary	1086 (94.4%)	1964 (93.8%)	1.10 (0.81–1.50)	0.571
Non-sanitary	65 (5.6%)	130 (6.2%)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)	0.571
Hand-washing practices: Before eating
Yes	1031 (89.6%)	1935 (92.4%)	0.70 (0.55–0.90)	0.007
No	120 (10.4%)	159 (7.6%)
Before cooking
Yes	624 (54.2%)	1519 (72.5%)	0.44 (0.38–0.52)	0.001
No	527 (45.8%)	575 (27.5%)
After defecation
Yes	804 (69.9%)	1660 (79.3%)	0.60 (0.51–0.71)	0.001
No	347 (30.1%)	434 (20.7%)
After cleaning the bottom of child following defecation
Yes	399 (34.7%)	1129 (53.9%)	0.45 (0.39–0.52)	0.001
No	752 (65.3%)	965 (46.1%)
Nutritional status: Wasting
Yes	232 (20.2%)	163 (7.8%)	2.99 (2.41–3.70)	0.001
No	918 (79.8%)	1927 (92.2%)
Stunting
Yes	285 (24.8%)	597 (67.7%)	0.82 (0.70–0.97)	0.024
No	865 (75.2%)	1496 (71.5%)
Underweight
Yes	318 (27.6%)	350 (16.7%)	1.90 (1.60–2.26)	0.001
No	833 (72.4%)	1743 (83.3%)

n, number of subjects; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.