Table 2.
Concentrations of the phthalate metabolite in maternal urine (µg/L, µg/g creatinine).
| Reference | Gascon et al. (2015) |
Lien et al. (2015) |
Huang et al. (2019) |
Percy et al. (2016) |
Braun et al. (2017) |
Li et al. (2020) |
Ipapo et al. (2017) |
Balalian et al. (2019) |
Daniel et al. (2020b) |
Doherty et al. (2017) | Kim et al. (2018) | Olesen et al. (2018) | Hyland et al. (2019) | Qian et al. (2019) | England-Mason et al. (2020) | Oulhote et al. (2020) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure timing during pregnancy | 12 and 32 wk gest |
28–36 wk gest |
28–36 wk gest |
16 wk gest |
26 wk gest |
16 and 26 wk gest | 16 and 26 wk gest |
34 wk gest |
34 wk gest |
34 wk gest |
25–40 wk gest |
Single urine sample |
28 wk gest |
13 and 26 wk gest |
1st, 2nd, 3rd Trimesters f |
17 wk gest |
6–14 wk gest |
| Phthalates/ phthalate metabolites |
Median (µg/g creat.) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/g creat) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/g creat) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/L) |
Median (µg/g creat) |
Median @ | GM (95% CI) (µg/L) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/L) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/L) |
GM (µg/L) |
Median (IQR) b (µg/g creat) |
GM (95% CI) (µg/L) |
GM (GSD) (µg/L) |
Median (µg/L) |
GM (µg/L) |
GM (IQR) b (µg/L) |
|
| ΣDEHP | 99.8 | 87.9 * (73.4–105.3) |
65.9 * (55.2–78.5) |
69 | 1.87 | 281.9 (241.4–329.4) e |
294.7 (260.0–334.0) |
0.28 ▪ | 17.5 ◊ (16.0–19.2) |
0.2 (2.2) | 91.71 c | 18.1 (12.0–25.4) |
|||||
| ΣDBP | 407.35 d | ||||||||||||||||
| MEHP | 10.7 | 16.93 (14.32–20.02) |
16.73 (14.46–19.36) |
4.9 (4.1–6.0) |
4.3 (3.6–5.0) |
4.70 (3.91–5.65) |
4.8 (3.7–5.4) |
5.2 (4.5–6.0) |
6.2 | 12.8 (7.8–19.1) |
1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
4.5 (2.6) | 3.23 | 3.31 | |||
| MEHHP | 27.1 | 7.91 (5.69–11.02) |
7.07 (5.19–9.64) |
27 (22.3–32.7) |
19.4 (16.1–23.4) |
19.99 (16.81–23.78) |
21.2 (17.9–25.1) |
22.1 (19.3–25.4) |
20 | 25.3 (14.9–35.4) |
4.7 (4.4–5.1) |
18.9 (2.4) | 6.91 | 10.38 | |||
| MEOHP | 20.6 | 13.59 (10.27–18.00) |
12.79 (9.88–16.57) |
20.1 (16.7–24.2) |
15.9 (13.2–19.2) |
16.44 (13.83–19.56) |
17.6 (14.4–20.8) |
18.4 (16.1–21.0) |
18 | 22.3 (13.5–31.1) |
3.9 (3.6–4.3) |
13.8 (2.4) | 5.62 | 8.45 | |||
| MECPP | 39.0 | 39.3 (33–46.9) |
29.1 (24.5–34.6) |
34.07 (29.15–39.81) |
37.7 (32.5–43.7) |
39.1 (34.7–44.1) |
35 | 4.6 (4.2–5.0) |
32.4 (2.2) | 10.62 | 14.81 | ||||||
| MCPP | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) |
1.6 (1.4–1.9) |
2.2 | 0.35 | 1.96 (1.68–2.29) a |
2.0 (1.8–2.2) |
2.2 (2.3) | 0.98 (0.49–1.76) |
|||||||||
| MBzP | 11.9 | 15.88 (13.87–18.19) |
14.99 (13.23–16.98) |
9.3 (7.7–11.3) |
7.7 (6.2–9.4) |
9.5 | 0.97 | 12.23 (10.04–14.89) |
12.3 (10.3–14.8) |
13.3 (11.5–15.4 |
14 | 3.7 (3.4–4.1) |
8.9 (2.6) | 2.46 | 8.13 | 5.4 (3.1–9.1) |
|
| MiBP | 31.6 | 4.8 (4.1–5.7) |
3.7 (3.1–4.4) |
5.2 | 0.69 | 6.88 (5.82–8.12) |
7.5 (6.5–8.7) |
9.1 (8.1–10.2) |
5.6 | 7.6 (4.8–18.4) |
24.3 (22.2–26.6) |
3.4 (2.7) | 19.50 | 9.71 | |||
| MnBP | 30.8 | 24 (20.7–27.7) |
20.6 (17.3–24.5) |
24 | 1.39 | 33.45 (28.29–39.55) |
35.7 (30.8–41.4) |
37.4 (33.3–42.0) |
33 | 41.0 (30.0–50.8) |
12.4 (11.4–13.5) |
68.10 | |||||
| MMP | 54.53 (44.95–66.14) |
52.38 (44.0–62.36) |
|||||||||||||||
| MEP | 403.4 | 61.71 (52.45–72.60) |
63.70 (55.07–73.67) |
141.8 (118–170.4) |
115.3 (92.7–143.3) |
128 | 2.11 | 165.69 (137.4–199.8) |
148.7 (126.6–174.7) |
160.4 (140.4–183.2) |
200 | 11.9 (4.0–26.1) |
22.0 (19.4–24.9) |
241.7 (3.3) | 11.29 | 50.41 | 33.1 (12.4–70.3) |
| MBP | 66.88 (55.93–79.99) |
67.29 (57.78–78.38) |
28.4 (2.4) | 16.66 | 12.8 (7.9–19.2) |
||||||||||||
| MCOP | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) |
3.8 (2.1) | |||||||||||||||
| MCNP | 2.3 (2.0) | ||||||||||||||||
| MiNP | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
||||||||||||||||
| MHiNP | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) |
||||||||||||||||
| MOiNP | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) |
||||||||||||||||
| MCiOP | 3.6 (3.3–4.0) |
||||||||||||||||
* ΣDEHP expressed as MEHP, ng/mL (=molar sum of (MECPP, MEOHP, MEOHP, MEHP) in nmol/L); ◊ ΣDEHPm molar sum of DEHP metabolites expressed as excreted DEHP (ng/mL); ▪ DEHP µmol/L; a MCPP is major metabolite of DnOP, secondary metabolite of DnBP and a non-specific metabolite of various high molecular weight phthalates; b Interquartile range (IQR) showing the 25th and 75th percentile values; c ΣDEHP: the sum of molar concentrations (nmol/L) of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP and MEOHP; d ΣDBP: the sum of molar concentrations (nmol/L) of MnBP and MiBP; e Σ DEHP is the total molar sum of: MEHP, MEHHP, MECPP and MEOHP; f averaged concentrations during pregnancy; @ Urinary phthalate metabolite values (ng/mL) were divided by creatinine concentrations (mg/dL) and multiplied by 100 and then log10-transformed, measurement-error-corrected values were presented; GM—geometric mean. GSD—geometric standard deviation. Daniel et al. (2020) study was conducted on the data from an earlier study, Balalian et al. (2019).