Table 4.
Sex-specific difference between phthalates exposure and child psychomotor development.
| Phthalates/ Phthalate Metabolites |
References/Study Confidence | Outcomes/Years | Child Psychomotor Development Effects β (95%CI) |
p interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Males | ||||
| Σ4DEHP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); high | Motor effects (1 year) | β: 0.5 (−3.4, 4.4) | β: 0.5 (−3.4, 4.4) | ||
| Motor effects (4 years) | β: 0.02 (−3.1, 3.1) | β: 0.9 (−3.0, 4.8) | |||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: 0.26 (−1.71, 2.24) | β: 0.22 (−1.33, 1.77) | 1.0 | |
| Balalian et al. (2019); medium | Total (BOT-2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −0.21 (−1.27, 0.85) | β: −0.31 (−1.88, 1.25) | 0.91 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −0.26 (−1.05, 0.54) | β: −0.26 (−1.28, 0.76) | 1.00 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: 0.04 (−0.47, 0.56) | β: −0.06 (−0.90, 0.79) | 0.84 | ||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −1.38 (−5.30, 2.54) | β: 3.24 (0.70, 5.78) | 0.05 | |
| MEHP | |||||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: 0.01 (−1.91, 1.94) | β: 2.25 (0.54, 3.96) | 0.09 | |
| MEHHP | |||||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.77 (−6.59, 1.06) | β: 1.91 (−0.66, 4.47) | 0.05 | |
| MEOHP | |||||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.89 (−6.84, 1.05) | β: 2.55 (0.05, 5.06) | 0.02 | |
| MECPP | |||||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −0.75 (−4.63, 3.12) | β: 3.49 (0.88, 6.10) | 0.08 | |
| MBzP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); high | Motor skills (1 year) | β: −2.8 (−6.0, 0.5) | β: 1.3 (−1.5, 4.2) | ||
| Motor skills (4 years) | β: −1.1 (−2.8, 0.7) | β: −1.4 (−4.2, 1.3) | |||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.08 (−3.77, −0.38) | β: 0.55 (−1.21, 2.31) | 0.04 | |
| Balalian et al. (2019); medium | Total (BOT−2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −1.14 (−2.13, −0.14) | β: −0.87 (−1.82, 0.07) | 0.70 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −0.70 (−1.45, 0.04) | β: −0.79 (−1.40, −0.19) | 0.85 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −0.44 (−0.92, 0.05) | β: −0.08 (−0.59, 0.44) | 0.32 | ||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: 0.13 (−1.39, 1.64) | β: 0.06 (−1.43, 1.55) | 0.95 | |
| ΣDBP | |||||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.60 (−5.20, 0.00) | β: −1.48 (−3.88, 0.92) | 0.54 | |
| MnBP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); high | Motor effects (1 year) | β: 0.6 (−2.6, 3.7) | β: 1.8 (−1.7, 5.3) | ||
| Motor effects (4 years) | β: 0.2 (−2.3, 2.6) | β: 0.2 (−3.3, 3.6) | |||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.29 (−4.63, 0.05) | β: 1.92 (0.31, 3.54) | 0.005 | |
| Balalian et al. (2019); medium | Total BOT-2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −2.09 (−3.43, −0.75) | β: −0.63 (−1.96, 0.69) | 0.13 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −1.43 (−2.44, −0.42) | β: −0.78 (−1.63, 0.07) | 0.33 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −0.66 (−1.33, 0.002) | β: 0.15 (−0.56, 0.86) | 0.10 | ||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.30 (−4.67, 0.06) | β: −1.75 (−3.80, 0.31) | 0.73 | |
| MiBP | |||||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −0.65 (−2.87, 1.58) | β: 0.68 (−1.24, 2.6) | 0.4 | |
| Balalian et al. (2019); medium | Total BOT-2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −1.36 (−2.51, −0.21) | β: −0.58 (−1.93, 0.77) | 0.38 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −0.80 (−1.66, 0.07) | β: −0.54 (−1.42, 0.33) | 0.68 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −0.56 (−1.12,−0.01) | β: −0.03 (−0.76, 0.69) | 0.25 | ||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −0.44 (−2.23, 1.35) | β: 0.40 (−1.25,2,05) | 0.50 | |
| Gascon a et al. (2015); high | Motor effects (1 year) | β: −0.9 (−4.4, 2.7) | β: −0.8 (−3.9, 2.4) | ||
| Motor effects (4 years) | β: −1.8 (−4.6, 1.0) | β: −2.0 (−5.1, 1.1) | |||
| MEP | |||||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: 0.63 (−1.08, 2.34) | β: 0.19 (−1.25, 1.63) | 0.7 | |
| Balalian et al. (2019); medium | Total BOT-2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −1.23 (−2.36, −0.11) | β: 0.50 (−0.52, 1.52) | 0.02 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −0.63 (−1.48, 0.22) | β: 0.25 (−0.42, 0.91) | 0.11 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −0.60 (−1.14, −0.06) | β: 0.25 (−0.29, 0.80) | 0.03 | ||
| Qian et al. (2019); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: 0.08 (−2.48, 2.65) | β: 0.36 (−1.71, 2.43) | 0.87 | |
| Gascon a et al. (2015); high | Motor skills (1 year) | β: −0.2 (−3.6, 1.3) | β: −1.2 (−3.7, 1.2) | ||
| Motor skills (4 years) | β: 2.0 (−0.4, 4.4) | β: 0.5 (−1.8, 2.7) | |||
| MCPP | |||||
| Doherty et al. (2017); medium | Psychomotor Development Index (2 years) |
β: −2.93 (−5.35, −0.51) | β: 1.61 (−0.42, 3.64) | 0.006 | |
| MCiOP | |||||
| Balalian et al. (2019) medium | Total BOT-2) composite score (11 years) |
β: −4.34 (−9.06, 0.37) | β: −0.92 (−3.17, 1.32) | 0.18 | |
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −3.27 (−7.00, 0.45) | β: −0.84 (−3.17, 1.32) | 0.21 | ||
| Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −1.07 (−2.98, 0.81) | β: −0.08 (−1.32, 1.16) | 0.36 | ||
| non-DEHP | |||||
| Daniel et al. (2020); medium | Gross motor function (11 years) | β: −0.98 (−1.98, 0.03) | NA | ||
| Fine motor function (11 years) | β: −0.85 (−1.49, −0.20) | NA | |||
a The data contained in the article Radke et al. (2020) were used; the Σ4DEHP metabolites include MEHHP, MEHP, MEOHP, MECP; ΣDBP: sum of molar concentrations nmol/L of MnBP and MiBP; non-DEHP: MBP, MEP, MiBP, MBzP) NA: no associations; β: beta coefficients (95% confidence Intervals); pinteraction: p-value for interaction between phthalates concentrations.