Table 5.
Sex-specific differences between phthalates exposure and child behavioural and emotional problems.
| Phthalates/Phthalate Metabolites | References/Study Confidence | Outcomes/Years | Child Behavioural and Emotional Problems β (95%CI), OR (95%CI), MR (95%CI) |
p interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Males | ||||
| ΣDEHP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); hight | Behavioural problems (7 years) | NA | NA | ||
| Li # et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) |
β: 0.5 (−1.0, 1.9) | β: −0.6 (−2.1, 0.9) | 0.77 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) |
β: 0.1 (−1.2, 1.4) | β: −0.5 (−1.8, 0.9) | 0.97 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) |
β: 0.3 (−1.0, 1.5) | β: −0.1 (−1.5, 1.4) | 0.99 | ||
| Percy * et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) | OR: 1.11 (0.75, 1.63) | ||
| Oulhote ^ et al. (2020); medium | Autistic traits (3–4 years) | β: −0.3 (−1.0, 0.4) | β: 0.4 (−0.3, 1.1) | 0.17 | |
| ΣMEHP | |||||
| Huang □ et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) |
β: 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | β: 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.67 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) |
β: 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | β: 0.03 (−0.007, 0.06) | 0.90 | ||
| MEHP | |||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 2.41 (−3.26, 8.08) | β: 0.55 (−4.30, 5.39) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 5.88 (0.66, 11.09) | β: 1.81 (−4.75, 8.38) | |||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.09 (0.81, 1.47) | OR: 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | ||
| Huang et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) |
β: 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) | β: 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.74 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) |
β: 0.04 (−0.0005, 0.07) | β: 0.04 (−0.0005, 0.08) | 0.77 | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.94 (0,84, 1.06) | MR: 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | MR: 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | MR: 1.35 (1.07, 1.7) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.18) | MR: 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | MR: 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | MR: 1.03 (0.9,1.18) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | MR: 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 0.84 (0.73, 0.95) | MR: 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | MR: 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | |||
| Global index (7 years) | MR: 0.9 (0.8, 1.03) | MR: 0.97 (0.86, 1.1) | |||
| ADHD index (7 years) | MR: 0.87 (0.75, 1) | MR: 1 (0.88, 1.13) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.11 (−0.28, 0.07) | β: −0.01 (−0.18, 0.16) | 0.36 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.08 (−0.24, 0.08) | β: 0.10 (−0.07,0.27) | 0.12 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.19, 0.15) | β: 0.09 (−0.07, 0.25) | 0.28 | ||
| MEHHP | |||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 0.82 (−2.01, 3.65) | β: 0.03 (−2.51, 2.57) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 1.71 (−0.96, 4.38) | β: 0.95 (−2.49, 4.39) | |||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) | OR: 1.10 (0.76, 1.60) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.97 (0.85, 1.12) | MR: 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | MR: 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | MR: 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | MR: 1.03 (0.83, 1.26) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | MR: 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | MR: 0.93 (0.79, 1.1) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 1 (0.84, 1.18) | MR: 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | MR: 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.9 (0.77, 1.06) | MR: 0.93 (0.8, 1.08) | |||
| Global index (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | MR: 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | |||
| ADHD index (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | MR: 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β:−0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | β: 0.02 (−0.18, 0.22) | 0.46 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.04 (−0.22, 0.14) | β: −0.01 (−0.20, 0.19) | 0.51 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.21, 0.17) | β: 0.05 (−0.14,0.24) | 0.33 | ||
| MEOHP | |||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 0.72 (−2.92, 4.36) | β: 1.33 (−1.45, 4.11) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 3.68 (0.35, 7.02) | β: 3.73 (0.07, 7.39) | |||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.12 (0.80, 1.56) | OR: 1.13 (0.77, 1.65) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | MR: 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | MR: 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 0.8 (0.62, 1.03) | MR: 1.18 (0.89, 1.58) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.81, 1.17) | MR: 1.06 (0.86, 1.32) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) | MR: 0.88 (0.7, 1.09) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.77, 1.08) | MR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | MR: 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | MR: 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | MR: 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | |||
| Global index (7 years) | MR: 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | MR: 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | |||
| ADHD index (7 years) | MR: 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | MR: 0.93 (0.78, 1.1) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.08 (−0.28, 0.12) | β: 0.07 (−0.14, 0.27) | 0.28 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β:−0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | β: −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | 0.76 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.03 (−0.23, 0.16) | β: 0.02 (−0.17, 0.22) | 0.40 | ||
| MECPP | |||||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.20 (0.82,1.74) | OR: 1.11 (0.72, 1.63) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | MR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.32) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 1 (0.86, 1.15) | MR: 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 0.78 (0.58, 1.04) | MR: 1.2 (0.88, 1.63) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | MR: 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | MR: 0.9 (0.71, 1.13) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | MR: 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | MR:1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 0.84 (0.7, 1.01) | MR: 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.77, 1.1) | MR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | |||
| Global Index (7 years) | MR: 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | MR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | |||
| ADHD Index (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | MR: 0.92 (0.77, 1.1) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.06 (−0.27, 0.14) | β: 0.03 (−0.17, 0.23) | 0.48 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.06 (−0.25, 0.13) | β: −0.03 (−0.23, 0.16) | 0.62 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | β: 0.01 (−0.19, 0.20) | 0.42 | ||
| MMP | |||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: −0.35 (−5.40, 4.71) | β: −2.79 (−6.83, 1.25) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 3.54 (−1.19, 8.27) | β: −5.22 (−10.62, 0.18) | |||
| Huang et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | β: −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0.89 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | β: −0.02 (−0.06,0.01) | 0.76 | ||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.04 (−0.22, 0.13) | β: 0.17 (−0.01, 0.34) | 0.10 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.19, 0.14) | β: 0.11 (−0.06, 0.29) | 0.21 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.11 (−0.29, 0.06) | β: 0.04 (−0.13, 0.21) | 0.16 | ||
| MEP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); hight | Behavioural problems (7 years) | NA | NA | ||
| Huang et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.002 (−0.04, 0.04) | β: −0.003 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.79 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | β: −0.005 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.63 | ||
| Li et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.2 (−1.2, 1.5) | β: −0.1 (−1.4, 1.2) | 0.41 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.0 (−1.3, 1.4) | β: −1.2 (−2.6, 0.1) | 0.15 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: −0.3 (−1.5, 1.0) | β: −1.1 (−2.5, 0.2) | 0.36 | ||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: −2.95 (−8.60, 2.70) | β: −0.16 (−5.16, 4.84) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 0.08 (−5.36, 5.53) | β: −1.61 (−8.38, 5.16) | |||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 0.70 (0.51, 0.97) | OR: 0.72 (0.51, 1.02) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) | MR: 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | MR: 1.1 (0.97, 1.25) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 1.18 (0.92, 1.5) | MR: 1.13 (0.86, 1.47) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 0.97 (0.8, 1.17) | MR: 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | MR: 1.08 (09, 1.3) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | MR: 0.95 (0.82, 1.1) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 1.04 (0.87, 1.26) | MR: 1 (0.84, 1.14) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | MR: 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | MR: 1 (0.87, 1.14) | |||
| Global Index (7 years) | MR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | MR: 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | |||
| ADHD Index (7 years) | MR: 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | MR: 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | |||
| Oulhote et al. (2020); medium | Autistic traits (3–4 years) | β: −0.4 (−0.7, 0.0) | β: 0.2 (−0.2, 0.5) | 0.04 | |
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: −0.05 (−0.23, 0.12) | β: 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) | 0.28 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.01 (−0.16, 0.17) | β: 0.08 (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.46 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: −0.01 (−0.18, 0.17) | β: 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) | 0.35 | ||
| MnBP | |||||
| Li et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: −0.2 (−1.5, 1.0) | β: −0.7 (−0.2, 0.5) | 0.61 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.5 (−0.9, 1.8) | β: 0.4 (−0.9, 1.7) | 0.95 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: −0.2 (−1.4, 1.0) | β: −0.4 (−1.5, 0.8) | 0.89 | ||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | OR: 1.44 (0.82, 2.53) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | MR: 1.15 (0.96, 1,38) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 1.1 (0.93, 1.3) | MR: 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | MR: 1.34 (0.99, 1.82) | |||
| Psychosomatic problem (7 years) | MR: 1.28 (1.02, 1.59) | MR: 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | MR: 0.87 (0.7, 1.08) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | MR: 0.97 (0.82,1.16) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 1.06 (0.85,1.33) | MR: 0.98 (0.83, 1.14) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | MR: 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | MR: 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | |||
| Global Index (7 years) | MR: 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | MR: 0.94 (0.8, 1.1) | |||
| ADHD Index (7 years) | MR: 1.12 (0.9, 1.39) | MR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | |||
| MBP | |||||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 3.03 (−1.76, 7.81) | β: 0.06 (−5.12, 5.25) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 7.63 (3.46, 11.80) | β: −2.51 (−9.51, 4.50) | |||
| Huang et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | β: 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.83 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: 0.03 (−0.006, 0.06) | β: 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.59 | ||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.07 (−0.14, 0.27) | β: 0.15 (−0.05, 0.34) | 0.50 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) | β: 0.13 (−0.06, 0.33) | 0.20 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: 0.04 (−0.16, 0.24) | β: 0.19 (0.01, 0.37) | 0.20 | ||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); hight | Behavioural problems (7 years) | NA | NA | ||
| Oulhote et al. (2020); medium | Autistic traits (3–4 years) | β: 0.1 (−0.6, 0.7) | β: 1.0 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.03 | |
| MiBP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); hight | Behavioural problems (7 years) | NA | NA | ||
| Li et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.2 (−1.2, 1.6) | β:0.0 (−1.4, 1.4) | 0.40 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.6 (−0.7, 1.9) | β: 0.8 (−0.5, 2.2) | 0.83 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.0 (−1.3, 1.2) | β: 0.6 (−0.7, 1.8) | 0.73 | ||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 0.68 (0.41,1.14) | OR: 1.69 (1.00, 2.86) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 0.92 (0.77, 1.08) | MR: 1.22 (1.02, 1.47) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 1.03 (0.87, 1.2) | MR: 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) | MR: 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 1.1 (0.88, 1.37) | MR: 1.28 (1.02, 1.6) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | MR: 1 (0.81, 1.25) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | MR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.3) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 1.09 (0.88, 1.37) | MR: 1.07 (0.9, 1.26) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 1 (0.82, 1.23) | MR: 1.01 (0.86, 1.17) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | MR: 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | |||
| Global Index (7 years) | MR: 1 (0.82, 1.21) | MR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | |||
| ADHD Index (7 years) | MR: 1.04 (0.83, 1.29) | MR: 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.20 (−0.05, 0.44) | β: 0.21 (0.01, 0.41) | 0.72 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.22 (−0.01, 0.45) | β: 0.12 (−0.09, 0.32) | 0.95 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: 0.20 (−0.05, 0.44) | β: 0.22 (0.03, 0.42) | 0.48 | ||
| MBzP | |||||
| Gascon a et al. (2015); hight | Behavioural problems (7 years) | NA | NA | ||
| Huang et al. (2019); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | β: 0.005 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.40 | |
| Externalizing problems (8–9, 11–12, 14–15 years) | β: −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) | β: 0.003 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.71 | ||
| Li et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.5 (−1.0, 2.0) | β: 0.0 (−1.3, 1.2) | 0.36 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.9 (−0.8, 2.6) | β: 0.8 (−0.5, 2.2) | 0.60 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 0.9 (−0.9, 2.6) | β: 0.4 (−0.8, 1.7) | 0.58 | ||
| Lien et al. (2015); medium | Internalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: −2.78 (−10.32, 4.75) | β: −2.66 (−8.23, 2.92) | ||
| Externalizing problems (8–9 years) | β: 1.99 (−5.22, 9.19) | β: −4.24 (−11.79,3.31) | |||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 1.26 (0.88, 1.81) | OR: 1.39 (0.91, 2.11) | ||
| Daniel et al. (2020b); medium | Anxious–shy (7 years) | MR: 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | MR: 1.20 (1.05, 1.36) | ||
| Perfectionism (7 years) | MR: 1.15 (1.01, 1.30) | MR: 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | |||
| Social problems (7 years) | MR: 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | MR: 1.02 (0.8, 1.31) | |||
| Psychosomatic problems (7 years) | MR: 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | MR: 1.15 (0.97, 1.35) | |||
| Emotional lability (7 years) | MR: 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | MR: 1.03 (0.88,1.22) | |||
| Cognitive problems (7 years) | MR: 1.17 (1, 1.37) | MR: 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | |||
| Oppositional problems (7 years) | MR: 1.09 (0.92, 1.3) | MR: 1.07 (0.95, 1.2) | |||
| Hyperactivity (7 years) | MR: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | MR: 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | |||
| Impulsiveness–restless (7 years) | MR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | MR: 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | |||
| Global Index (7 years) | MR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | MR: 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | |||
| ADHD Index (7 years) | MR: 1.1 (0.94, 1.3) | MR: 1 (0.88, 1.14) | |||
| England-Mason et al. (2020); medium | Internalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.09 (−0.09, 0.28) | β: 0.24 (0.06, 0.42) | 0.28 | |
| Externalizing problems (3–4 years) | β: 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | β: 0.26 (0.08, 0.44) | 0.16 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (3–4 years) | β: 0.10 (−0.08, 0.28) | β: 0.26 (0.09, 0.43) | 0.21 | ||
| Oulhote et al. (2020); medium | Autistic traits (3–4 years) | β: 0.1 (−0.5, 0.6) | β: 0.3 (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.60 | |
| MCPP | |||||
| Li et al. (2020); high | Internalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 1.2 (−0.2, 2.7) | β: 0.7 (−0.8, 2.1) | 0.96 | |
| Externalizing problems (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 1.5 (0.1, 3.0) | β: 0.6 (−0.9, 2.0) | 0.78 | ||
| Behavioural Symptoms Index (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 years) | β: 1.1 (−0.3, 2.4) | β: 1.2 (−0.3, 2.7) | 0.58 | ||
| Percy et al. (2016); high | Typical play behaviors (8 years) | OR: 0.67 (0.35, 1.28) | OR: 1.26 (0.72, 2.20) | ||
| Oulhote et al. (2020); medium | Autistic traits (3–4 years) | β: 0.3 (−0.2, 0.9) | β: 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.50 | |
a The data contained in the article Radke et al., (2020) were used; β: beta coefficients (95% Confidence Intervals), OR: odds ratio (95% confidence intervals); mean ratio (95% confidence intervals); * ΣDEHP expressed as MEHP, ng/mL (=molar sum of (MECPP, MEOHP, MEOHP, MEHP)); ^ ΣDEHP sum of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP; # Σ4DEHP sum of MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MEHP; □ ΣMEHP = MEHP + MEHHP + MEOHP; pinteraction: p-value for interaction between phthalates concentrations; NA: no associations.