Table 1.
Participant sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, differences of self-management level by characteristics.
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | COPD Self-Management | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M ± SD | t/F | p | |||
| Gender | Male | 127 (84.1) | 152.61 ± 20.88 | 1.638 | 0.104 |
| Female | 24 (15.9) | 144.92 ± 22.23 | |||
| Age (years) | 60–69 | 35 (23.2) * | 152.54 ± 16.52 | 0.749 | 0.475 |
| 70–79 | 78 (51.7) * | 152.64 ± 21.79 | |||
| ≥80 | 38 (25.2) * | 147.74 ± 23.80 | |||
| Marital status | Spouses living | 120 (79.5) | 152.07 ± 21.38 | 0.777 | 0.438 |
| Others | 31 (20.5) | 148.74 ± 20.66 | |||
| Education level | Primary school and below | 60 (39.7) | 143.25 ± 17.48 | 8.991 | <0.001 |
| Junior-senior high school | 77 (51.0) | 155.55 ± 21.83 | |||
| College and above | 14 (9.3) | 163.36 ± 21.33 | |||
| Monthly income, Yuan | <3000 | 61 (40.4) | 146.92 ± 21.14 | 3.627 | 0.029 |
| 3000–5000 | 44 (29.1) | 150.82 ± 20.12 | |||
| >5000 | 46 (30.5) | 157.85 ± 21.14 | |||
| Smoking status | Never smoked | 37 (24.5) | 147.54 ± 20.46 | 3.049 | 0.050 |
| Current smoker | 34 (22.5) | 146.29 ± 17.61 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 80 (53.0) | 155.33 ± 22.36 | |||
| Are religious? | Yes | 15 (9.9) | 153.80 ± 14.86 | 0.464 | 0.644 |
| No | 136 (90.1) | 151.12 ± 21.82 | |||
| Number of hospitalizations in the last 1 year | 0–1 | 43 (28.5) | 153.95 ± 22.36 | 0.531 | 0.589 |
| 2–3 | 92 (60.9) | 150.73 ± 21.36 | |||
| >3 | 16 (10.6) | 148.25 ± 17.28 | |||
| GOLD stage | Stage I | 2 (1.3) | 198.00 ± 4.24 | 4.721 | 0.004 |
| Stage II | 28 (18.5) | 156.00 ± 21.76 | |||
| Stage III | 62 (41.1) | 151.68 ± 19.95 | |||
| Stage IV | 59 (39.1) | 147.31 ± 20.55 | |||
| mMRC | <2 | 21 (13.9) | 168.57 ± 22.53 | 4.221 | <0.001 |
| ≥2 | 130 (86.1) | 148.61 ± 19.71 | |||
| Depression | nomal | 121 (80.1) * | 153.21 ± 21.49 | 3.741 | 0.0260 |
| mild | 26 (17.2) * | 146.54 ± 17.91 | |||
| moderate tosevere | 4 (2.6) * | 127.75 ± 16.30 | |||
Note: M = mean; SD = standard deviation; t = values of t-test; F = values of ANOVA; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD = Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC = The modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale; * because only one decimal is retained in the numerator of the percentages, the percentages of patients of different ages and the percentages of patients with different levels of depression do not add up to 100 percent, but the total number of patients is 151 in all cases.