Table 2.
Amino acid composition of edible aquatic insects and selected edible terrestrial insects.
| Order | Species | Edvelopmental Stage | Protein (%) |
Amino Acid Composition (% of Total Amino Acids or Protein) | Total Amino Acids (g/100 g DM) |
Reference | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Val | Ile | Leu | Lys | Tyr | Thr | Phe | Trp | His | Met + Cys | Total EAA ++ | Arg | Asp | Ser | Glu | Gly | Ala | Pro | ||||||
| Edible aquatic insects | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Odonata | Epophthalmia elegans | L | 65.23 | 9.96 | 2.78 | 6.43 | 5.62 | 7.06 | 3.84 | 9.26 | 0.58 | 3.74 | 1.63 | 50.90 | 11.79 | 6.91 | 3.94 | 10.92 | 4.42 | 5.97 | 5.15 | 60.16 | [57] |
| Anax parthenope | L | 65.76 | 10.04 | 3.20 | 6.96 | 5.72 | 6.96 | 3.87 | 8.82 | 0.63 | 3.20 | 1.13 | 50.55 | 11.91 | 7.04 | 4.09 | 10.84 | 4.32 | 5.93 | 5.33 | 53.99 | ||
| Ictinogomphus rapax | L | 62.37 | 10.08 | 3.54 | 7.05 | 4.62 | 7.77 | 4.24 | 12.12 | 0.50 | 3.09 | 1.44 | 54.45 | 9.92 | 6.99 | 3.97 | 8.30 | 4.84 | 6.85 | 4.67 | 55.63 | ||
| Sinictinogomphus clavatus | L | 63.64 | 9.55 | 3.51 | 7.19 | 5.42 | 7.64 | 4.32 | 10.51 | 0.53 | 2.89 | 1.66 | 53.23 | 9.95 | 7.74 | 4.00 | 9.32 | 4.91 | 5.98 | 4.87 | 52.98 | ||
| Pantala flavescens | L | 65.18 | 9.78 | 3.30 | 7.20 | 5.97 | 6.48 | 4.06 | 8.61 | 0.65 | 2.87 | 1.32 | 50.26 | 12.47 | 7.38 | 4.07 | 10.73 | 4.64 | 6.00 | 4.45 | 58.16 | ||
| Orthetrum pruinosum | L | 71.53 | 9.63 | 3.33 | 7.11 | 5.85 | 6.43 | 3.86 | 8.68 | 0.46 | 2.78 | 1.90 | 50.01 | 12.00 | 7.38 | 4.02 | 11.11 | 4.39 | 5.81 | 5.28 | 54.73 | ||
| Crocothemis servilia | L | 65.45 | 6.12 | 3.91 | 7.45 | 7.93 | 6.23 | 5.25 | 2.88 | 2.20 | 5.45 | 3.77 | 51.18 | 8.04 | 8.47 | 4.26 | 10.99 | 5.03 | 7.31 | 4.72 | 51.70 | [59] | |
| Gomphus cuneatus | L | 64.64 | 6.59 | 7.33 | 3.96 | 6.33 | 7.17 | 4.79 | 3.37 | 0.67 | 6.93 | 4.07 | 51.21 | 4.86 | 6.34 | 4.32 | 14.40 | 5.46 | 7.85 | 5.61 | 50.26 | ||
| Lestes praemorsus | L | 46.37 | 6.01 | 6.96 | 4.16 | 8.37 | 7.26 | 4.98 | 3.22 | 5.23 | 6.54 | 2.72 | 55.44 | 8.54 | 6.41 | 4.20 | 13.36 | 4.45 | 7.26 | 5.23 | 36.1 | ||
| Ephemeroptera | Ephermeterella jianghongensis | L | 66.26 | 5.75 | 5.29 | 8.51 | 5.51 | 6.00 | 4.88 | 3.27 | - | 3.33 | 3.39 | 45.93 | 5.75 | 8.71 | 4.55 | 15.21 | 4.96 | 9.15 | 5.74 | 65.54 | [60] |
| Coleptera | Cybister japonicus | L | 57.34 | 6.33 | 14.18 | 11.96 | 5.14 | 1.06 | 3.95 | 4.53 | - | 4.32 | 2.76 | 54.23 | 6.45 | 8.44 | 4.47 | 8.62 | 8.14 | 7.12 | 2.53 | 47.89 | [61] |
| Dytiscus dauricus | L | 57.97 | 6.50 | 12.06 | 11.82 | 5.91 | 1.89 | 4.43 | 3.61 | - | 3.75 | 3.12 | 53.10 | 5.72 | 8.88 | 4.92 | 9.11 | 7.76 | 8.43 | 2.07 | 48.74 | ||
| Hydrophilus acminatus | L | 56.41 | 6.12 | 11.24 | 12.16 | 7.08 | 1.19 | 4.14 | 3.28 | - | 3.30 | 2.74 | 51.25 | 4.87 | 10.01 | 4.76 | 8.98 | 8.04 | 7.25 | 2.74 | 47.86 | ||
| H. acminatus | L | 20.37 | 5.76 | 4.38 | 7.59 | 6.89 | 5.11 | 4.26 | 4.33 | - | 6.42 | 2.74 | 47.48 | 5.76 | 9.56 | 3.56 | 9.25 | 8.08 | 10.38 | 5.93 | 42.69 | [62] | |
| Megaloptera | Acanthacorydalis orientalis | L | 56.56 | 5.63 | 5.61 | 6.96 | 6.25 | 5.76 | 4.88 | 4.39 | - | 4.18 | 2.89 | 46.54 | 6.75 | 10.13 | 4.11 | 17.13 | 5.14 | 5.74 | 4.46 | 53.31 | [60] |
| Acanthacory dalisasiatice | A | - | 7.58 | 5.58 | 9.00 | 7.08 | 9.81 | 4.13 | 10.61 | - | 4.02 | 4.21 | 62.01 | 3.90 | 11.73 | 7.69 | - | - | 14.34 | - | 52.01 | [63] | |
| Neochauliodes sparsus | L | 67.69 | 6.35 | 4.75 | 7.41 | 7.43 | 6.10 | 4.55 | 4.21 | 0.70 | 4.27 | 3.82 | 49.59 | 7.23 | 9.09 | 4.25 | 12.73 | 4.80 | 7.41 | 4.91 | 56.02 | [64] | |
| Edible terrestrial insects | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hymenoptera | Polybia occidentalis nigratella | B | 61.00 | 5.90 | 4.50 | 7.80 | 7.40 | 5.60 | 4.00 | 3.30 | 0.70 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 47.20 | 5.70 | 8.40 | 4.50 | 12.90 | 7.10 | 6.50 | 6.30 | - | [65] |
| Polybia parvulina | B | 61.00 | 6.10 | 4.70 | 7.80 | 7.30 | 5.90 | 4.10 | 3.40 | 0.70 | 3.40 | 5.30 | 48.70 | 5.70 | 7.80 | 4.40 | 13.30 | 7.20 | 6.40 | 6.50 | - | ||
| Vespa velutina | B | - | 6.10 | 5.50 | 8.70 | 6.10 | 6.60 | 4.20 | 4.20 | - | 4.20 | 2.40 | 47.00 | 4.50 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 20.10 | 6.30 | 5.50 | 6.10 | 37.90 | [66] | |
| V. mandarinia | B | - | 6.30 | 5.70 | 8.70 | 6.30 | 7.30 | 4.30 | 4.30 | - | 4.30 | 2.70 | 48.90 | 2.20 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 21.20 | 6.30 | 5.40 | 5.70 | 36.80 | ||
| V. basalis | B | - | 5.70 | 5.30 | 8.50 | 6.80 | 7.10 | 4.30 | 4.30 | - | 4.30 | 1.40 | 46.60 | 4.30 | 6.40 | 6.40 | 22.10 | 5.70 | 5.00 | 5.70 | 28.10 | ||
| Coleoptera | Allomyrina dichotoma | L | 54.18 | 5.58 | 4.35 | 6.40 | 4.97 | 7.73 | 3.84 | 3.59 | - | 4.82 | 8.92 | 50.21 | 5.29 | 5.46 | 5.95 | 17.83 | 5.70 | 4.51 | 5.05 | 48.74 | [32] |
| Protaetia brevitarsis | L | 44.23 | 6.36 | 4.14 | 5.90 | 4.47 | 8.43 | 3.96 | 4.14 | - | 4.65 | 7.51 | 49.54 | 5.34 | 5.77 | 6.51 | 14.15 | 5.72 | 6.23 | 6.72 | 39.16 | ||
| Tenebrio molitor | L | 53.22 | 6.61 | 4.45 | 7.57 | 4.52 | 7.75 | 4.11 | 3.96 | - | 6.29 | 7.10 | 52.36 | 5.01 | 6.20 | 4.94 | 12.99 | 5.87 | 8.90 | 3.73 | 44.50 | ||
| Orthoptera | Teleogryllus emma | A | 55.65 | 5.85 | 4.30 | 7.93 | 5.23 | 5.23 | 3.84 | 3.58 | - | 4.82 | 7.63 | 48.41 | 7.43 | 7.71 | 5.91 | 13.03 | 5.09 | 9.19 | 3.24 | 49.95 | |
| Gryllus bimaculatus | A | 58.32 | 5.94 | 4.01 | 7.38 | 4.50 | 5.07 | 3.72 | 3.40 | - | 4.64 | 9.98 | 48.63 | 6.69 | 6.69 | 5.07 | 11.87 | 6.17 | 10.48 | 3.70 | 53.83 | ||
| Lepidoptera | Antheraea pernyi | P | 71.9 | 6.63 | 7.95 | 3.24 | 4.54 | 2.06 | 4.64 | 8.10 | 4.05 | 2.94 | 1.62 | 45.77 | 4.12 | 6.41 | 4.64 | 12.74 | 4.42 | 6.26 | 12.22 | - | [67] |
| Bombyx mori | P | - | 5.60 | 5.70 | 8.30 | 7.50 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 5.10 | 9.00 | 2.50 | 6.00 | 60.50 | 6.80 | 10.90 | 4.70 | 14.90 | 4.60 | 5.50 | 4.00 | - | ||
Note: L = larva, P = pupa, A = adult, B = brood; DM = dry matter; “-” = not determined or not estimated; ++ EAA: essential amino acids; we include essential amino acids (Val, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, Trp, Phe, His, Met) and two conditional essential amino acids (Tyr, Cys).