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. 2021 Nov 30;13(4):993–1008. doi: 10.3390/idr13040091

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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General attenuation of various components of the immune system in pregnancy, leading to increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and decreased efficacy of viral clearance. These include a shift from Th1 to Th2 CD4+ T cells, decreased natural killer (NK) cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) producing type 1 interferons, and the phagocytic index of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. In addition to these specific changes, increased progesterone in the maternal circulation further dampens immune response.