Table 3.

Summary of key challenges faced by universities and students across Africa as a result of the pandemic.

Country	Teaching and Learning Challenges						Resource Issues
	Disruption of the Academic Calendar/ Limited Experiences with e-Learning, Shortages of Staff	Lack of Suitable ICT Equipment, Literacy, and the Need for Hybrid Learning	Lack of Reliable Internet Facilities/ Challenges with Home Learning	Concerns with Practical Skills Learning as Well as Face-to-Face Learning	Instigation of Problem-Based Learning to Address Lack of Face-to-Face Learning	Quality Assessment/ Robustness of Examinations	Cost of Internet/ Facilities
Botswana	√	√	√		√		√
Cameroon	√		√	√			√
Eswatini	√	√	√	√		√	√
Ghana	√		√	√		√	√
Kenya	√	√	√	√		√	√
Malawi	√	√		√			√
Namibia	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Nigeria	√	√	√	√	√		√
South Africa	√		√	√		√	√
Uganda	√	√	√	√		√	√
Zambia	√	√	√	√		√	√
Zimbabwe	√	√	√	√			√