Figure 2.

The cytoprotective effects of flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin) and carotenoids (lycopene, lutein) on the H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in (A) HUVEC, (B) Caco-2, and (C) L-02 cells. Cells were incubated with a series of concentration of flavonoids or carotenoids for 12 h and then treated with H₂O₂ for 1 h. Results were presented as mean values ± SD (n = 4). Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in Duncan’s test.