Table 1.
The effect of NTP on naturally and artificially introduced microorganisms on cereal seeds.
| Plant | Pathogen Name (and Source) | Plasma Apparatus | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common Wheat | Triticum aestivum L. | bacteria—Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and natural microflora | dielectric barrier discharge system (60 Hz, 44 kV, 56.5 W, air) | [46] |
| bacteria—artificially contaminated Geobacillus stearothermophilus and its endospores | atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (argon as a working gas, 8 kV, 10 kHz, or pulse frequency 5–15 kHz, pulse voltage 6–10 kV, Ar) | [47] | ||
| bacteria—artificially deposited Bacillus amyloliquefaciens endospores | low pressure plasma circulating fluidized bed reactor (13.56 MHz, 8–12.8 mbar, oxygen gas admixture) | [48] | ||
| fungi—artificial inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus 798, Penicillum MS1982 | low pressure cold plasma prototype unit (1 kHz, 20 kV, 500 mTorr, 300 W, air or SF6) | [49] | ||
| fungi—Fusarium culmorum-artificial | diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (14 kHz, 20 kV, 400 W, air) | [50] | ||
| fungi—artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum + natural contamination Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. | planar geometry capacitively coupled plasma reactor (5.28 MHz, 200 Pa, 0.025 W cm−3, air) | [51] | ||
| fungi (native microflora) | low pressure argon plasma produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (600–850 V) | [52] | ||
| native microflora; artificial—bacteria—Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus var. niger, fungi-Penicillium verrucosum | dielectric barrier discharge closed system (80 kV, 50 Hz, air) | [53] | ||
| native microflora Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum; artificial—bacteria—Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus, fungi—Penicillium verrucosum, P. citrinum, Aspergillus niger | dielectric barrier discharge closed system (80 kV, 50 Hz, air) | [54] | ||
| fungi—natural contamination—Alternaria alternata, Alternaria botrytis, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium poae, Gibberella zeae, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma sp. | reactor with a packed bed (8 kV, 100 Hz–83 kHz, air) | [55] | ||
| insecta—Tribolium confusum, Ephestia kuehniella | dielectric barrier discharge device (10 kV, 13 kHz, air) | [56] | ||
| insecta—Tribolium castaneum | dielectric barrier discharge (1–10 kV, 50 Hz) | [57] | ||
| insecta—Tribolium castaneum Herbst and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. | stationary pressure plasma jet based on a dielectric barrier discharge (13.56 MHz, 90–130 W, argon, oxygen/argon, nitrogen/argon mixtures) | [58] | ||
| insecta—Tribolium Castaneum | cold plasma (argon, 800 V) | [59] | ||
| cv. Eva | fungi—artificial—Fusarium nivale, Fusarium culmorum, Trichothecium roseum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus clavatus, natural microflora | diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (14 kHz, 20 kV, 400 W, air) | [60] | |
| Rice | Oryza sativa L. | inoculation with fungi—Fusarium fujikuroi isolate Ka52 (MAFF244851) and spores of Fusarium fujikuroi (collected by suspending the mycelial mat), bacteria—Burkholderia plantarii | atmospheric plasma apparatus—inductively coupled plasma (20 kV, c. 10 kHz, air) | [61] |
| fungi—Aspergillus oryzae and Penicillium digitatum varieties (mold spores), bacteria—Escherichia coli | active oxygen species produced by the combination of atmospheric plasma (7–10 kV, 10 kHz) and UV light in ambient air | [62] | ||
| natural mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds of rice germ | large-scale plasma jet-pulsed light-ultraviolet (UV)-C system (2 kW, 1 kV, 30 Hz, air) | [63] | ||
| var. Hopyeong | fungi—Fusarium fujikuroi | ozone and arc discharge plasma (10–15 kV, 3 Hz, water) | [64] | |
| used term: brown rice | native microflora—aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds | corona discharge plasma jet under atmospheric pressure conditions (20 kV DC, 1.5 A, air) | [65] | |
| var. Indica cv. KDML105 | seed-borne fungi | dielectric barrier discharge (~ 14 kVpp, ~700 Hz, air + Ar) | [66] | |
| Maize | Zea mays ssp. mays | fungi—artificial inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus 798, Penicillum MS1982 | low pressure cold plasma prototype unit (1 kHz, 20 kV, 500 mTorr, 300 W, air or SF6) | [49] |
| fungi—Fusarium culmorum and the natural contamination | planar geometry capacitively coupled plasma reactor (5.28 MHz, 200 Pa, 0.025 W cm−3, air) | [51] | ||
| fungi—Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus spores + native microflora | atmospheric pressure plasma jet (5–10 kV, 18–25 kHz, max. 855 W, air and nitrogen) | [63] | ||
| fungi—Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides conidial spore | afterglow of a surface-wave microwave discharge (25 W, 2–8 mbar, Ar-O2, N2-O2) | [67] | ||
| cv. Ronaldinio | fungi—Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium culmorum and native mikrobiota | diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (14 kHz, 20 kV, 80 W cm−3, air) | [68] | |
| var. Everta | seed-borne fungi | glow discharge plasma (15 Pa, 200 W, air) | [69] | |
| Barley | Hordeum vulgare L. | fungi—artificial inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus 798, Penicillum MS1982 | low pressure cold plasma prototype unit (1 kHz, 20 kV, 500 mTorr, 300 W, air or SF6) | [49] |
| fungi—Fusarium culmorum—artificial | diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (14 kHz, 20 kV, 400 W, air) | [50] | ||
| native microflora, artificial—bacteria—Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus var. niger, fungi—Penicillium verrucosum | dielectric barrier discharge closed system (80 kV, 50 Hz, air) | [53] | ||
| fungi—Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides conidial spore | afterglow of a surface-wave microwave discharge (25 W, 2–8 mbar, Ar-O2, N2-O2) | [67] | ||
| seed-borne fungi | glow discharge plasma (15 Pa, 100 W, air) | [69] | ||
| fungi—Aspergillus niger and Penicillium verrucosum | diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (15 kHz, 20 kV, 350 W, air, CO2, CO2 + O2) | [70] | ||
| bacteria—Bacillus atrophaeus (DSM 675) spores | plasma-processed air generated by microwave discharge (2.45 GHz, 4 kW, air) | [71] | ||
| Rye | Secale cereale L. | fungi—artificial inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus 798, Penicillum MS1982 | low pressure cold plasma prototype unit (1 kHz, 20 kV, 500 mTorr, 300 W, air or SF6) | [49] |
| Oat | Avena sativa L. | fungi—artificial inoculation with Aspergillus parasiticus 798, Penicillum MS1982 | low pressure cold plasma prototype unit (1 kHz, 20 kV, 500 mTorr, 300 W, air or SF6) | [49] |