. 2021 Dec 16;18(24):13256. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413256

Table 6.

Mediation analyses examining direct and indirect effects of sleep disturbance on PTSD, PHQ9, GAD7, PDSS, SIPS, or AUDIT symptoms through stress.

		Total Effect (c)				Direct Effect (c’)
Outcome (Y)		Coefficient		SE		Coefficient		SE
PTSD		1.43 ***		0.09		0.43 ***		0.08
PHQ-9		0.61 ***		0.03		0.27 ***		0.02
GAD-7		0.41 ***		0.02		0.11 ***		0.02
SIPS		0.63 ***		0.05		0.28 ***		0.06
PDSS		0.22 ***		0.02		−0.01		0.02
AUDIT		0.20 ***		0.03		0.10 **		0.04
						*Indirect Effect (a_ib_i)*
	*Direct Effect (a_i)*		*Direct Effect (b_i)*					95% CI
Mediator	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Outcome (Y)	Coefficient	Boot SE	Lower	Upper
Stress	0.72 ***	0.04	1.40 ***	0.06	PTSD	1.00	0.08	0.84	1.16
Stress	0.71 ***	0.04	0.47 ***	0.02	PHQ-9	0.34	0.03	0.28	0.40
Stress	0.71 ***	0.04	0.42 ***	0.01	GAD-7	0.30	0.03	0.25	0.36
Stress	0.71 ***	0.04	0.49 ***	0.04	SIPS	0.35	0.05	0.25	0.46
Stress	0.73 ***	0.04	0.30 ***	0.02	PDSS	0.22	0.03	0.17	0.27
Stress	0.73 ***	0.04	0.13 ***	0.03	AUDIT	0.09	0.02	0.05	0.14

PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; DASS = depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (DASS-21); GAD-7 = generalized anxiety disorder Scale; PHQ-9 = patient health questionnaire; PDSS = panic disorder symptoms severity scale; SIPS = social interaction phobia scale; AUDIT = alcohol use disorders identification test; CI: confidence interval; ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.