Table 5.
Increased online gambling during lockdown—logistic regression results.
| Covariate | Year | Category | n | Increased Online Gambling | Unadjusted (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multi-Variate) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio |
95% CI | p-Value | |||||
| Gender | 2012 | Male | 131 | 10.7% | 0.77 | (0.38, 1.55) | ||||
| Female | 170 | 13.5% | 1.00 | - | 0.46 | |||||
| Age (years) 1 | 2012 | 18–24 | 21 | 23.8% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| 25–34 | 61 | 21.3% | 0.87 | (0.27, 2.81) | ||||||
| 35–44 | 63 | 14.3% | 0.53 | (0.16, 1.82) | ||||||
| 45–54 | 69 | 11.6% | 0.42 | (0.12, 1.46) | ||||||
| 55–64 | 87 | 2.3% | 0.08 | (0.01, 0.42) | 0.02 | |||||
| Ethnicity | 2012 | Māori | 74 | 12.2% | 0.91 | (0.39, 2.1) | ||||
| Pacific | 43 | 4.7% | 0.32 | (0.07, 1.43) | ||||||
| Asian | 33 | 18.2% | 1.46 | (0.53, 3.96) | ||||||
| NZ European/Other 2 | 151 | 13.2% | 1.00 | - | 0.36 | |||||
| Employment status | 2015 | Employed | 208 | 13.9% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Unemployed | 34 | 17.6% | 1.32 | (0.5, 3.47) | ||||||
| Other 3 | 59 | 3.4% | 0.22 | (0.05, 0.94) | 0.09 | |||||
| 2020/21 | Employed | 180 | 15.6% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Unemployed | 38 | 15.8% | 1.02 | (0.39, 2.66) | ||||||
| Other | 83 | 3.6% | 0.20 | (0.06, 0.69) | 0.04 | |||||
| Highest educational level |
2015 | No formal qualification | 118 | 5.1% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Vocational or trade | 115 | 12.2% | 2.59 | (0.96, 6.99) | ||||||
| University degree |
68 | 25.0% | 6.22 | (2.32, 16.71) | 0.001 | |||||
| 2020/21 | No formal qualification | 121 | 5.8% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Vocational or trade | 101 | 11.9% | 2.20 | (0.83, 5.81) | 1.00 | - | ||||
| University degree |
79 | 22.8% | 4.81 | (1.9, 12.14) | 0.003 | 2.49 | (0.87, 7.09) | 0.003 | ||
| Gambling risk level (PGSI) |
2015 | No risk 4 | 170 | 11.8% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| At risk 5 | 131 | 13.0% | 1.12 | (0.56, 2.23) | 0.75 | |||||
| 2020/21 | No risk 4 | 224 | 8.0% | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |||
| At risk 5 | 77 | 24.7% | 3.75 | (1.85, 7.61) | 0.0003 | 4.09 | (1.90, 8.82) | 0.0003 | ||
| Gambling harm (SGHS) |
2020/21 | 0 | 247 | 9.7% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| 1 | 28 | 17.9% | 2.02 | (0.70, 5.80) | ||||||
| 2+ | 26 | 30.8% | 4.13 | (1.62, 10.50) | 0.009 | |||||
| Free-to-play gambling-type activities |
2015 | No | 242 | 9.5% | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 59 | 23.7% | 2.96 | (1.42, 6.20) | 0.004 | 3.38 | (1.47, 7.76) | 0.004 | ||
| 2020/21 | No | 203 | 8.9% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Yes | 98 | 19.4% | 2.47 | (1.23, 4.96) | 0.01 | |||||
| Gambled from FTP 6 | 2020/21 | No | 288 | 10.8% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Yes | 12 | 50.0% | 8.29 | (2.52, 27.29) | 0.0005 | |||||
| Sought help for gambling | 2015 | No | 295 | 12.5% | - | - | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 0.0% | - | - | ||||||
| 2020/21 | No | 294 | 11.9% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 28.6% | 2.96 | (0.55, 15.84) | 0.20 | |||||
| Hazardous alcohol use | 2015 | No | 205 | 9.3% | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 96 | 18.8% | 2.26 | (1.13, 4.54) | 0.02 | 2.80 | (1.25, 6.24) | 0.01 | ||
| 2020/21 | No | 177 | 9.6% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Yes | 124 | 16.1% | 1.81 | (0.91, 3.62) | 0.09 | |||||
| Cannabis use | 2015 | No | 260 | 10.8% | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Yes | 41 | 22.0% | 2.33 | (1.01, 5.38) | 0.05 | |||||
| 2020/21 | No | 273 | 12.5% | 1.00 | - | |||||
| Yes | 28 | 10.7% | 0.84 | (0.24, 2.95) | 0.79 | |||||
1 At the time of the 2020/21 interview these participants would have aged by eight years; 2 Other ethnicity relates to any ethnicity that is not Māori, Pacific, Asian or NZ European; 3 Other employment status refers to student/homemaker/retired/other; 4 No risk includes the PGSI categorizations of non-gambler and non-problem gambler; 5 At risk includes the PGSI categorizations of low risk, moderate risk and problem gambler; 6 FTP = Free-to-play.