Table 10.
Determinants and multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrating factors associated with hesitance and refusal of a COVID-19 vaccine.
| Variables | Hesitated | Will Not Be Vaccinated | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR a (95% CI) | p-Value | cOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR a (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 3.26 (2.46–4.32) | <0.0001 | 1.79 (1.04–3.08) | 0.035 | 5.46 (3.17–9.41) | <0.0001 | 1.90 (0.62–5.79) | 0.261 |
| 30–39 | 2.00 (1.50–2.67) | <0.0001 | 1.43 (0.81–2.51) | 0.216 | 2.63 (1.49–4.65) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.22–2.64) | 0.661 |
| 40–49 | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | 0.231 | 1.14 (0.63–2.08) | 0.666 | 1.68 (0.91–3.08) | 0.095 | 0.65 (0.16–2.62) | 0.542 |
| 50+ | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 0.499 | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.281 | 0.88 (0.60–1.29) | 0.505 | 0.71 (0.35–1.41) | 0.321 |
| Female | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 3.04 (2.50–3.71) | <0.0001 | 1.83 (1.32–2.53) | 0.000 | 2.67 (1.94–3.66) | <0.0001 | 3.25 (1.77–5.96) | <0.0001 |
| Urban | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Other vaccines | ||||||||
| Do not accept at all | 13.17 (3.68–47.14) | <0.0001 | 4.17 (1.07–16.22) | 0.039 | 193.75 (46.62–805.17) | <0.0001 | 24.34 (4.84–122.36) | <0.0001 |
| Do not trust most of the vaccines and refuse | 10.42 (4.36–24.90) | <0.0001 | 4.05 (1.58–10.40) | 0.004 | 33.21 (9.08–121.48) | <0.0001 | 10.25 (2.36–44.49) | 0.002 |
| Accept vaccines, but refuses sometimes | 3.33 (2.33–4.76) | <0.0001 | 1.49 (0.98–2.28) | 0.072 | 8.24 (3.52–19.32) | <0.0001 | 4.68 (1.75–12.47) | 0.002 |
| Accept all vaccines, but do not completely trust | 3.79 (2.74–5.25) | <0.0001 | 1.82 (1.23–2.66) | 0.003 | 5.27 (2.22–12.52) | <0.0001 | 3.49 (1.31–9.31) | 0.012 |
| Accept all vaccines | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Vaccine importance | ||||||||
| I don’t know | 8.96 (4.67–17.19) | <0.0001 | 5.72 (2.81–11.67) | <0.0001 | 48.41 (18.79–124.78) | <0.0001 | 13.30 (4.32–40.94) | <0.0001 |
| Unimportant | 5.93 (2.06–17.11) | 0.001 | 4.50 (1.47–13.76) | 0.008 | 31.85 (8.18–123.96) | <0.0001 | 10.08 (1.90–53.37) | 0.007 |
| Somewhat important | 6.09 (4.50–8.24) | <0.0001 | 4.81 (3.38–6.84) | <0.0001 | 7.25 (3.39–15.49) | <0.0001 | 5.06 (2.12–12.10) | <0.0001 |
| Very important | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Source of information | ||||||||
| Friends/Family/ Colleagues | 1.34 (0.56–3.25) | 0.510 | 5.27 (0.74–37.74) | 0.095 | 5.61 (2.34–13.43) | <0.0001 | 35.88 (3.42–376.50) | 0.003 |
| TV/Radio/ Newspaper | 1.78 (1.02–3.11) | 0.043 | 1.39 (0.61–3.13) | 0.419 | 5.52 (2.93–10.40) | <0.0001 | 5.34 (1.77–16.09) | 0.003 |
| Social media/Websites | 1.76 (1.18–2.63) | 0.005 | 2.11 (1.03–4.33) | 0.043 | 1.94 (1.02–3.72) | 0.044 | 1.68 (0.44–6.36) | 0.446 |
| Official source | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.88 (0.59–5.99) | 0.287 | 2.28 (0.59–8.79) | 0.233 | 9.31 (2.37–36.66) | 0.001 | 7.57 (1.27–45.17) | 0.026 |
| Secondary | 1.02 (0.77–1.36) | 0.889 | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) | 0.624 | 1.86 (1.05–3.27) | 0.032 | 3.08 (1.13–8.41) | 0.028 |
| College | 0.72 (0.42–1.21) | 0.209 | 0.91 (0.49–1.67) | 0.749 | 2.07 (0.89–4.82) | 0.092 | 1.41 (0.70–2.82) | 0.732 |
| Graduate | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference value. a Adjusted for age, gender, and education.