Table 3.
Logistic regression model examining odds of a clinically significant emotional-behavioral difficulty (EBD) between age three and nine.
| Any EBD | Unadjusted Models | Adjusted Model * | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Crude OR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Cognitive Ability | |||||||
| Average and above | 4866 (78.5) | 1330 (21.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Below Average | 505 (67.8) | 240 (32.2) | 1.72 | 1.46–2.03 | 1.39 | 1.17–1.66 | <0.001 |
| Gender: | |||||||
| Male | 2626 (74.5) | 898 (25.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Female | 2745 (80.3) | 673 (19.7) | 0.69 | 0.62–0.77 | 0.70 | 0.62–0.78 | <0.001 |
| Depression Score, n, mean (sd) | 5611, 2.13 (3.26) | 1754, 3.81 (4.58) | 1.11 | 1.10–1.13 | 1.09 | 1.07–1.10 | <0.001 |
| Education | |||||||
| Lower Secondary ^ | 870 (64.1) | 460 (35.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Upper Secondary | 1260 (73.4) | 457 (26.6) | 0.67 | 0.58–0.78 | 0.74 | 0.63–0.87 | <0.001 |
| Non-Degree | 1627 (81.2) | 377 (18.8) | 0.44 | 0.38–0.51 | 0.54 | 0.46–0.65 | <0.001 |
| Degree or higher | 1665 (85.8) | 276 (14.2) | 0.30 | 0.26–0.36 | 0.45 | 0.37–0.54 | <0.001 |
| Gestational age n, mean (sd) | 5686, 39.57 (2.00) | 1774, 39.37 (2.40) | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.99 | 0.004 |
| Partner | |||||||
| No | 617 (57.5) | 456 (42.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 4754 (81.0) | 1115 (19.0) | 3.04 | 2.67–3.46 | 0.54 | 0.46–0.64 | <0.001 |
| Maternal Age Category | |||||||
| ≤24 years | 497 (58.5) | 353 (41.5) | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 25–34 years | 3058 (78.8) | 821 (21.2) | 0.37 | 0.32–0.43 | 0.64 | 0.53–0.76 | <0.001 |
| ≥35 years | 1817 (82.1) | 397 (17.9) | 0.30 | 0.26–0.36 | 0.54 | 0.45–0.66 | <0.001 |
OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; * Adjusted for partner, highest level education, maternal age category, maternal depression Score, gender of child, and gestational age in weeks. ^ Refers to lower secondary education or less.