Table 2.
General characteristics and the association between MAFLD and stress, mental health, and HRQoL.
| OR | (95% CI) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 3.694 | (3.184–4.285) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 1 | Reference | ||
| Education level | Elementary | 1.087 | (0.908–1.303) | 0.363 |
| Middle | 1.437 | (1.157–1.784) | 0.001 | |
| High | 0.955 | (0.791–1.152) | 0.628 | |
| College | 1 | Reference | ||
| Smoking | 2.356 | (2.015–2.754) | <0.0001 | |
| Exercise | 1.000 | (0.786–1.273) | 0.997 | |
| Alcohol | 2.106 | (1.800–2.465) | <0.0001 | |
| Age | 1.107 | (1.066–1.150) | <0.0001 | |
| WC | 1.304 | (1.284–1.325) | <0.0001 | |
| BMI | 1.832 | (1.765–1.902) | <0.0001 | |
| Fasting glucose | 1.023 | (1.019–1.027) | <0.0001 | |
| HbA1c | 1.534 | (1.391–1.692) | <0.0001 | |
| TC | 1.015 | (1.013–1.017) | <0.0001 | |
| HDL-C | 0.938 | (0.930–0.945) | <0.0001 | |
| TG | 1.015 | (1.014–1.016) | <0.0001 | |
| LDL–C | 1.007 | (1.003–1.011) | <0.0001 | |
| Stress perception | 1.170 | (0.989–1.384) | 0.067 | |
| Suicidal impulse | 1.101 | (0.901–1.346) | 0.346 | |
| Depression | 0.985 | (0.792–1.226) | 0.894 | |
| EQ–5D | −0.1 (realignment parameter) |
1.077 | (1.018–1.139) | 0.010 |
Abbreviations: MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; WC: waist circumference; BMI, body-mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Definitions: smoking: the percentage of individuals who currently smoke and have smoked at least 100 cigarettes (5 packs) in their life time; alcohol: the percentage of individual with current alcohol use; FLI, fatty liver index = FLI = (e(0.953 × ln(TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln(GGT) + 0.053 × WC-15.745))/(1 + e(0.953 × ln(TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln (GGT) + 0.053 × WC-15.745)) × 100; MAFLD, FLI ≥ (GGT)on-MAFLD, FLI < 30; stress, percentage of stress during everyday life. The p-value was determined through the complex sample logistic regression test.