Table 1.

The mechanism of action of Chinese herbal extracts on AS through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Name	Mechanism	Model	References
TS IIA AS IV	Inhibit the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and the expression of TLR4. Enhance vascular stability through PI3K/Akt and TLR4/NF-κB signals, reduce inflammation and MMP-9 expression, and inhibit unstable plaques.	ApoE−/– mouse	[48]
Breviscapine	Reduce the levels of inflammatory factors of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and TNF-α; reduce the blood lipid levels of SD rats; and reduce cell apoptosis. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activates Nrf2 to protect cells.	SD rat	[55,61]
Gypenoside	Activate the PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathway, regulate the expression of aortic cell apoptosis-related proteins, and downregulate mitochondrial deletion and fusion proteins and mitochondrial energy-related proteins.	ApoE−/– mouse	[59]
Gypenoside XVII	Activation of ERα-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 up-regulation, and the level of antioxidant enzymes; reduce ox-LDL-induced oxidative damage; and inhibit ox-LDL-mediated HUVEC apoptosis.	HUVECs ApoE−/– mouse	[60]
Salidroside	Improve endothelial function related to increased eNOS activation, activate AMPK, and improve endothelial function by activating mitochondrial-related AMPK/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway.	HUVECs ApoE−/– mouse	[16]
Iso	Activate PI3K/Akt signal, upregulate THP-1-derived macrophages HO-1, prevent ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, and inhibit lipid deposition in ox-LDL-induced macrophage apoptosis.	ApoE–/– mouse	[6]
Quercetin	High fructose activates ROS and inactivates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, causing apoptosis and inflammation through the Bcl-2/caspase-3 and IKKa/NF-kB signaling pathways, respectively. Quercetin improves and inhibits the progression of ROS AS through PI3K/Akt.	C57BL/6 induced by high fructose	[51]
Emodin	Regulate blood lipids, inhibit the mTOR signal pathway and PI3K/Akt signal activity, stimulate the body to increase autophagy, and increase the metabolism of glycolipids.	ApoE−/– mouse	[53]