Table 2.
Formulations of bioactive glasses incorporating less-common elements according to the envisaged medical applications
| Ion | Glass composition | Applications | Synthesis technique | Additional formation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barium (Ba) | 44.85 SiO2–24.3 Na2O–26.9 CaO–2.6 P2O5–1.35 BaO (mol%) | Tissue engineering | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size range of 508 ± 39 and 403 ± 42 nm | [9] |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 5, and 10 BaO and 0, 10, and 15 Fe2O (mol%) | Cancer hyperthermia | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size range of 100–200 nm | [154] | |
| 15 SiO2–20 Na2O–10 CaO–50 B2O3–5 Al2O3 with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 BaO (wt.%) | Radiation shielding | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [160] | |
| Bismuth (Bi) | 53 SiO2–23 Na2O–20 CaO–4 P2O5 with 1, 2, 4, and 8 Bi2O3 (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size less than 45 µm | [346] |
| Chlorine (Cl) | 50 SiO2–50 CaO with 0–43.1 CaCl2 (mol%) | Toothpaste additives | Melt-quenching | Glass | [325] |
| 38.1 SiO2–55.5 CaO–6.3 P2O5 with 0–16.6 CaCl2 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size less 38 μm | [327] | |
| 38.1 SiO2–55.5 CaO–6.3 P2O5 with 0–21.5 CaCl2 and 0–13.4 CaF2 (mol%) | Dental toothpastes or resorbable bone substitutes | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size less 45 μm | [329] | |
| Chromium (Cr) | 5 SiO2–20 Na2O–20 CaO–2 P2O5–43 B2O3 with 0–1 Cr2O3 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [241] |
| Germanium (Ge) | 48 SiO2–12 CaO–36 ZnO with 0, 6.5, 7, and 8 GeO2 (mol%) | Bone filling materials | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size around 6 µm | [335] |
| 48 SiO2–6 CaO–2 P2O5–36 ZnO–8 SrO with 6 and 12 GeO2 (mol%) | Spinal orthopedic procedures | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a maximum particle size of 45 μm | [336] | |
| 9.9 Na2O–51. P2O5–20.8 K2O–8 BaO–7.2 Al2O3–0.2 Sb2O3–0.2188 La2O3–0.5 Nb2O5–0.5 Y2O3–0.9 Yb2O3 with 0.7–84.4 GeO2 (mol%) | Nuclear radiation shielding applications | Melt-quenching | Glass | [337] | |
| Gold (Au) | 60 SiO2–32 CaO–8 P2O5 with 0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 Au2O (mol%) | Biomaterial | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size about 100 µm | [305] |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 (mol%) with 0.1 and 1 (wt%) gold nanoparticles | Biomaterial | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [306] | |
| Iodine (I) | 6 Na2O–20 CaO–4 P2O5–12 K2O–5 MgO–52.9 B2O3–0.1 I (wt.%) | Tissue engineering | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size range of 100–300 µm | [114] |
| 6 Na2O–20 CaO–4 P2O5–10 K2O–5 MgO–53 B2O3–2 I (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size less than 45 µm | [331] | |
| 6 Na2O–20 CaO–4 P2O5–12 K2O–5 MgO–52 B2O3 (wt.%) with 0.2 wt.% NaI | Nerve regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder (50 wt.%) incorporated into the PCL polymer (50 wt.%) | [332] | |
| Manganese (Mn) | 5 SiO2–20 Na2O–15 CaO–55 P2O5–5 B2O3 with 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, and 1 MnO (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [288] |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 2.5, and 5 MnO2 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size of less than 150 µm | [278] | |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 MnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size range of 38–150 µm | [284] | |
| 43.29 SiO2–4.49 Na2O–31.02 CaO–11 P2O5–0.19 K2O–2.76 MgO–0.50 La2O3–0.99 Ta2O5–0.89 MnO (wt.%) | Coatings | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [388] | |
| 50 SiO2–40 CaO–10 P2O5 with 0 and 5 MnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a particle size range of 100–120 nm | [287] | |
| 45 Si2O–15 Na2O–26 CaO–3 P2O5–4 K2O–7 MgO with 0, 0.25, and 0.5 MnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size of less than 32 µm | [282] | |
| 50 SiO2–40 CaO–10 P2O5 with 0, 3, 5, and 7 MnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a particle size range of 110 ± 10 nm | [285] | |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 3, and 5 MnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [283] | |
| 92 SiO2–8 CaO with 0, 3.3, and 4.2 MnO (mol%) | Tissue regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder with a particle size range of 112.2 ± 13.5 and 139.6 ± 8.9 nm | [389] | |
| Molybdemiun (Mo) | 70 SiO2–25 CaO–5 P2O5 with 0, 2, 5, and 7.5 MoO3 (mol%) | Cartilage/bone | Sol–gel | Scaffolds with cylindrical pores with an approximate diameter of 8 mm and height of 2 mm using 3D printing | [256] |
| 60 SiO2–30 CaO–10 P2O5 with 0, 3, 5, and 10 MoO3 (mol%) | Interface regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [255] | |
| 45 CaO–48 P2O5–5 K2O–2 B2O3 with 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 MoO3 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [257] | |
| Nickel (Ni) | 46.1 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–26.9 CaO–2.6 P2O5 with 0, 0.41, 0.82, 1.23, and 1.65 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [313] |
| 46.14 SiO2–24.40 Na2O–26.91 CaO–2.55 P2O5 with 0, 0.41, 0.82, 1.23, and 1.65 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [314] | |
| 46.14 SiO2–24.40 Na2O–26.91 CaO–2.55 P2O5 with 0, 0.41, 0.82, 1.23, and 1.65 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [315] | |
| Niobium (Nb) | 46.1 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–26.9 CaO–2.6 P2O5 with 0,1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Tissue engineering | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [230] |
| 20 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–24.5 CaO–31B2O3 with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [229] | |
| 46.1 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–26.9 CaO–2.6 Nb2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size range of 40–63 µm | [233] | |
| Nitrogen (N) | 55 SiO2–31.5 Na2O–13.5 CaO with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Si3N4 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [355] |
| 55 SiO2–31.5 Na2O–8.5 CaO–5 CaF2 with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Si3N4 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [356] | |
| 55 SiO2–29 Na2O–13.5 CaO–2.5 P2O5 with 1, 2, 3, and 4 Si3N4 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [357] | |
| 45 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–24.5 CaO–6 P2O5 with 0, 5.51, and 10.69 Si3N4 (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass | [358] | |
| Palladium (Pd) | 80 SiO2–15 CaO–5 P2O5 (mol%) with addition of 0.46, 0.96, 1.20, and 2.30 % PdCl2 | Catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder | [319] |
| Rubidium (Rb) | 80 SiO2–15 CaO–5 P2O5 with x = 0, 1, 2, and 5 Rb2O (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with macropores in the size range 350–550 µm using the foam replica method | [142] |
| 90 SiO2–10 CaO with 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 Rb2O (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Nanoparticles with a particle size range of 100–114 nm | [140] | |
| 80 SiO2–15 CaO–5 P2O5 with 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 Rb2O (mol%) | Wound healing | Sol–gel | Nanoparticles with a particle size range of 350–430 nm | [141] | |
| Selenium (Se) | 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 1, 3, and 5 SeO3 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a particle size around 400 nm | [376] |
| 80 SiO2–15 CaO–5 P2O5 with 0 and 5 SeO3 (mol%) | Bone tumor therapy | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a surface area range of 200–350 m2/g and a mesopore size range of 3–5 nm | [374] | |
| 40 SiO2–43 CaO–12 P2O5–5 MgO with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 SrO, and 0, 2, 3, and 4 SeO3 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a particle size range of 265–318 nm | [390] | |
| 45 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–24.5 CaO–6 P2O5 with 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 SeO2 (wt.%) | Bone cancer therapy | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [375] | |
| Tantalum (Ta) | 80 SiO2–15 CaO–5 P2O5 with 0, 0.5, 5, and 10 Ta2O5 (mol%) | Tissue engineering | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a particle size less than 45 µm | [162] |
| 58 SiO2–37 CaO–5P2O5 with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 Ta2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [173] | |
| 20 SiO2–24.5 Na2O–24.5 CaO–31 B2O3 with 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Ta2O5 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [174] | |
| Tellurium (Te) | 26 Na2O–21 CaO–3 P2O5–50 TeO2 (mol%) | Bioactive implants | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size range of 75–150 µm | [361] |
| 48.6 SiO2–16.7 Na2O–34.2 CaO–0.5 P2O5 with 0, 1, and 5 TeO2 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size of less than 25 µm | [366] | |
| Tin (Sn) | (35–40) P2O5–(40–60) SnCl2 with 5, 10, 15, and 20 SnCl2 (mol%) | Nuclear medicine | Melt-quenching | Glass | [350] |
| Tungsten (W) | 44.7 SiO2–24.9 Na2O–24.9 CaO–5.5 P2O5 with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 WO3 (wt.%) | Radiation shielding materials | Melt-quenching | Glass | [320] |
| 5.50 Na2O–18.50 CaO–11.10 K2O–4.60 MgO–3.70 P2O5–56.60 B2O3 with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 WS2 (wt.%) | Radiation shielding materials | Melt-quenching | WS2 nanoparticle-containing bioactive glass composites | [321] | |
| 75 B2O3–25 Li2O with 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7.5 WO3 (mol%) | Radiation shielding materials | Melt-quenching | Glass | [322] | |
| Vanadium (V) | 5.50 Na2O–18.50 CaO–11.10 K2O–4.60 MgO–3.70 P2O5–56.60 B2O3 with 0.5, 1, and 3 V2O5 (wt.%) | Bioimaging | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size of around 3.66 µm for 3 wt.% V2O5 | [269] |
| 5.50 Na2O–18.50 CaO–11.10 K2O–4.60 MgO–3.70 P2O5–56.60 B2O3 with 0.5, 1, and 3 V2O5 (wt.%) | Medical radiation | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [270] | |
| 5.50 Na2O–18.50 CaO–11.10 K2O–4.60 MgO–3.70 P2O5–56.60 B2O3 with 0.5, 1, and 3 V2O5(wt.%) | Soft tissue repair and in wound healing | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size of around 14 µm and scaffolds with an average pore size of 500 µm using foam replication method | [268] | |
| 5.50 Na2O–18.50 CaO–11.10 K2O–4.60 MgO–3.70 P2O5–56.60 B2O3 with 0.5, 1, and 3 V2O5 (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder with a particle size of around 2 µm and scaffolds with an average pore size of 100–500 µm using foam replication method | [266] | |
| 57.2 Si–35.3 Ca–7.5 P with 0, 0.71, 2.78, and 6.67 V (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Mesoporous powder with a specific surface area range of 647–349 m2/g | [271] | |
| Zirconium (Zr) | 53 SiO2–6 Na2O–20 CaO–4 P2O5–12 K2O–5 MgO with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ZrO2 (wt.%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass powder | [197] |
| 22 Na2O–24 CaO–46 P2O5–8 ZnO with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 ZrO2 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Melt-quenching | Glass parts with dimensions 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.2 cm | [175] | |
| 60 SiO2–36 CaO–4 P2O5 with 0, 5 and 10 ZrO2 (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [198] | |
| 60 SiO2–31 CaO–4 P2O5–5 ZrO2 with 0, 2, 4, and 6 ZnO (mol%) | Bone regeneration | Sol–gel | Glass powder | [391] |