Fig. 3.

a Linear polarization curves and b chronoamperometry curves of the bare Zn anodes and Zn@CuNW anodes. c Schematic illustration of rampant 2D diffusion behaviors on the bare Zn anodes (left) and restrained 2D diffusion on the Zn@CuNW anodes. Simulation of surface micro-morphology, electric field and Zn²⁺ concentration field during the zinc plating process on d bare Zn anodes and e Zn@CuNW anodes (the white dash dot lines point out the original position of Cu nanowire networks/zinc anode interface)