Fig. 1.

Epidemiological trend and vaccination rollout in France, Israel, Italy and Spain.

Note: The fully vaccinated population represents the population that received the full cycle of the vaccine before the introduction of the booster. The share of the population vaccinated is based on the total population in each country. Accordingly, the percentage of fully vaccinated in Israel can be downward biased due to a relatively larger share of the young population that is currently ineligible for the COVID-19 vaccines.

Source: Authors’ analysis on data retrieved by Our World in Data [4].