Table 2.
Change in supply factors before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Italy | Spain | France | Israel | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of system [31] | National Healthcare System (NHS) |
National Healthcare System (NHS) | Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) |
National Health Insurance (NHI) |
||||
| Hospital beds per 100,000 [28, [32], [33], [34], [35]] | 320 (2019) | +60%* (2020) | 290 (2019) | NA | 580 (2019) | 574 (2020) | 290 (2019) | 290 (2020) |
| ICU beds per 100,000 [[26], [27], [28], 34, 36] | 8.7 (2019) | 11 (2020); 15 (2021) | 9.7 (2017) | 18.7 (2020); 23 (2021) | 8 (2019) | 14.6 (2020) | 8 (2019) | 12 (2021) |
| Number of doctors per 100,000 [29, 37] | 400 (2019) | +21,414 (2020–21) | 440 (2019) | NA | 340 (2019) | 339 (2020) | 319 (2019) | 319 (2020) |
| Specialists’ doctors per 100,000 [38, 39] | 318 (2019) | NA | 261 (2019) | NA | 185.4 (2019) | NA | NA | NA |
| Nurses per 100,000 [28], [29], [30] | 670 (2019) | + 31,990 (2020–21) | 590 (2019) | NA | 1,070 (2019) | 1,136 (2021) | 500 (2019) | 589 (2020) |
| Hospitals per 100,000 [29, 40] | 1.8 (2019) | NA | 1.6 (2019) | 1.6 (2020) | 5.8 (2019) | NA | 1 (2019) | 1 (2020) |
| Ambulances per 100,000 [28, 40, 41] | 1.9 (2019) | 2.1 (2020–21) | 6.2 (2019) | 6.4 (2020) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ventilators per 100,000 [42], [43], [44] | 31 (2019) | 41 (2020); 42(2021) | 12 (2019) | 29 (2020) | NA | NA | 50 (2019) | 57 (2020) |
Note: * the increase is related to internal beds only. NA: data not available at the time of writing.