Table 3.

Logistic regression analyses of factors associated with exacerbation.

Patients with UC	Univariate OR (95% CI)	P -value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)†	P -value
Age at enrollment	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.036	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	<0.05
Age at onset	0.98 (0.98–1.00)	0.106
Sleep hours	0.81 (0.63–1.03)	0.086	0.74 (0.57–0.97)	<0.05
Stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	5.38 (1.63–17.70)	<0.01	6.06 (1.79–20.50)	<0.01
Disease activity
Remission	Ref		Ref
Active	1.29 (0.58–2.91)	0.53	1.27 (0.53–3.04)	0.59
Smoking habit
Decrease / No change	Ref		Ref
Increase	9.10e-7 (0–inf)	0.99	7.28e-7 (0–inf)	0.98
Alcohol intake
Decrease / No change	Ref		Ref
Increase	1.43 (0.65–3.16)	0.38	1.69 (0.74–3.85)	0.22
Drug adherence
Improvement / No change	Ref		Ref
Deterioration	3.95 (0.35–44.20)	0.27	3.02 (0.25–36.5)	0.39
Patients with CD	Univariate OR (95% CI)	P -value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	P -value
Age at enrollment	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	<0.05	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	<0.01
Age at onset	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	<0.01
Sleep hours	1.00 (0.77–1.29)	0.99	0.97 (0.74–1.27)	0.81
Stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	3.02 (0.57–15.90)	0.19	3.69 (0.64–21.40)	0.15
Disease activity
Remission	Ref		Ref
Active	2.01 (1.15–3.52)	<0.05	2.20 (1.23–3.95)	<0.01
Smoking habit
Decrease / No change	Ref		Ref
Increase	0.86 (0.29–2.59)	0.8	0.88 (0.26–3.03)	0.84
Alcohol intake
Decrease / No change	Ref		Ref
Increase	1.08 (0.45–2.56)	0.87	0.89 (0.35–2.30)	0.82
Drug adherence
Improvement / No change	Ref		Ref
Deterioration	1.17 (0.07–18.90)	0.91	1.21 (0.07–21.80)	0.90

Age at enrollment, age at onset and sleep hours were considered as continuous variables.

^†Adjusted for factors, including age at enrollment, sex, short sleep, stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, increased smoking, increased alcohol intake, drug adherence deterioration, and active disease. COVID-19, coronavirus disease; PRO2, patient-reported outcome 2; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn's disease; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.