Table 1.
Patient demographics.
| Missing data | All (n = 110) | Uncomplicated (n = 73) | ICU (n = 26) | Death (n = 11) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | n | n (%) Median (IQR) | n (%) Median (IQR) | n (%) Median (IQR) | n (%) Median (IQR) | p -value* |
| Sex | – | p = 0.301 | ||||
| Male | 72 (65.5) | 46 (63.0) | 20 (76.9) | 6 (54.5) | ||
| Female | 38 (34.5) | 27 (37.0) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Age (years) | – | 62 (49–77) | 61 (48–76) | 59 (49–64) | 80 (79–86) | p < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Current smoker | 32 | 6 (7.7) | 6 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | p = 0.327 |
| Obesity (BMI > 25) | 12 | 54 (55.1) | 34 (54.0) | 13 (52.0) | 7 (70.0) | p = 0.707 |
| Diabetes type II | – | 25 (22.7) | 17 (23.3) | 5 (19.2) | 3 (27.3) | p = 0.829 |
| Hypertension | 1 | 55 (50.5) | 34 (46.6) | 14 (53.8) | 7 (70.0) | p = 0.352 |
| Cardiovascular disease (any) | – | 26 (23.6) | 16 (21.9) | 7 (26.9) | 3 (27.3) | p = 0.732 |
| Coronary heart disease | – | 14 (12.7) | 9 (12.3) | 4 (15.4) | 1 (9.1) | p = 0.903 |
| Chronic heart failure | – | 8 (7.3) | 6 (8.2) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | p = 1.000 |
| Atrial fibrillation | – | 11 (10.0) | 8 (11.0) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (9.1) | p = 1.000 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | – | 6 (5.5) | 4 (5.5) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (9.1) | p = 0.653 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | – | 14 (12.7) | 7 (9.6) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (45.5) | p < 0.008 |
| Asthma | 1 | 6 (5.5) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (27.3) | p = 0.011 |
| Hypo- / Hyperthyroidism | 1 | 12 (11.0) | 8 (11.1) | 3 (11.5) | 1 (9.1) | p = 1.000 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | – | 14 (12.7) | 11 (15.1) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (9.1) | p = 0.741 |
| Chronic liver disease | – | 4 (3.6) | 2 (2.7) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (9.1) | p = 0.383 |
| Malignancy | – | 12 (10.9) | 6 (8.2) | 3 (11.5) | 3 (27.3) | p = 0.149 |
| Medication (anti-platelet/anticoagulation) | ||||||
| Anti-platelet therapy | – | 17 (15.5) | 9 (12.3) | 4 (15.4) | 4 (36.4) | p = 0.128 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | – | 108 (98.2) | 71 (97.3) | 26 (100.0) | 11 (100.0) | p = 1.000 |
| COVID-19 classification at admission † | – | p = 0.012 | ||||
| Asymptomatic / mild | 15 (13.6) | 12 (16.4) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| Moderate | 52 (47.3) | 38 (52.1) | 10 (38.5) | 4 (36.4) | ||
| Severe | 31 (28.2) | 20 (27.4) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Critical | 12 (10.9) | 3 (4.1) | 8 (30.8) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Time from admission to discharge/death (days) | 1 | 13 (9–23) | 12 (9–19) | 23 (17–33) | 8 (6–14) | p < 0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation | – | 5 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (27.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Prospective analysis | ||||||
| Cytokine profiling | 106 | 69 | 26 | 11 | p = 0.050 | |
| Flow cytometric analysis | 97 | 70 | 19 | 8 | p = 0.200 | |
| In vitro experiments | 23 | 8 | 8 | 7 | p = 0.001 | |
*
p < 0.05. Nominal variables were compared using Fisher's exact test, metric variables were compared using Kruskal Wallis test;
†
COVID-19 classification according to the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization in mild (fever <38°C, no dyspnea, no pneumonia), moderate (fever, respiratory symptoms, pneumonia), severe (respiratory distress with respiratory rate ≥30 per min, oxygen saturation <93% at rest) and critical (respiratory failure with requirement of mechanical ventilation, requirement of ICU); BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range. Bold values highlight statistically significant data.