TABLE 3.

Studies of manure pathogen load survival in agricultural soil.

Sample type	Study location	Detection method	Pathogen	Manure treatment	Maximum survival (days)	References
Inoculated dairy slurry (7% dry matter)	Field study—Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom.	Selective agar plating following selective enrichment culturing method	E. coli O157 Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp.	On farm storage	32 185 32	Nicholson et al., 2005
Inoculated dairy slurry (2% dry matter)			E. coli O157 Salmonella spp. Listeria spp. Campylobacter		93 93 185 32
Cattle manure added to sterile soil	Laboratory, America.	Direct plating method of selective agar plaiting of soil suspensions.	E. coli O157	Incubation 21°C 5°C	231 77	Jiang et al., 2002
Chicken manure applied to non-sterile soils	Laboratory, China.,	Direct plating method of selective agar plaiting of soil suspensions.	E. coli O157	Incubation 25°C	2.57 ± 6.57 (reduction from 106 to < 100 CFU g–1)	Yao et al., 2015
Pig manure applied to non-sterile soils					25.65 ± 7.12 (reduction from 106 to < 100 CFU g–1)
Pig manure	Laboratory, Denmark.	Direct plating method of selective agar plaiting of soil suspensions, qPCR, RT-qPCR	Campylobacter coli	Incubation 4°C 15°C 22°C	24 7 6	Bui et al., 2011
Manure amended soils	–		Salmonella spp.	–	Up to 332	Jacobsen and Bech, 2012