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. 2021 Dec 10;9:779946. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.779946

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Copyright © 2021 de Roy, Warnecke, Hacker, Simon, Dürselen, Ignatius and Seitz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the passive pendulum friction testing device that was used (A). The femur is fixed in an inclined mounting block and the pendulum arm is attached to the tibia, whereby the resting knee joint angle between the tibia and femur (α) was set to 140° to achieve a physiological joint loading (B). The rotation axis of the pendulum motion is described by the rotation axis of the knee joint in flexion-extension. The length of the pendulum (L) is the distance from its center of mass to the rotation axis.