| Research |
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Unclear bidirectional relationship between FI and CVD and variation based on factors like sex, age, race/ethnicity, and parental/marital status
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Limited data on FI within the CVD population
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Inconsistent FI measurement across studies
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Longitudinal, prospective studies to verify causal relationships and variations in FI/CVD association between different demographic factors [55].
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Consistent FI screening during clinical visits
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More studies examining the impact of food aid programs (SNAP, WIC, etc.) on cardiovascular health
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Use of 10- to 18-question USDA screening tool or 2-question Hunger Vital Sign survey
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| Policy/Aid |
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Low dietary quality and residual FI among SNAP participants
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Inadequacy of SNAP benefits for families living in areas with high food prices
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Poor retention of at-risk women in WIC due to social stigma and restrictions on benefits
|
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Fruit/vegetable subsidies and other additional benefits funded by the government to encourage more healthful food purchases [3,95].
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Increasing WIC outreach, expanding benefit-eligible foods, and making benefits usable online [89].
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| Community |
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Introduce healthier foods into existing food retailers, reduce prices to encourage residents to purchase [95].
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Nutrition education and counseling programs [91].
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Identify community champions to represent “community voices” and lead the implementation of community initiatives to address FI
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| Healthcare Systems |
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Physician uncertainty in how to discuss FI and nutrition with patients
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Low rates of clinical referral to food aid resources
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Lack of screening in some clinics
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Implementation of FI and nutrition information into medical school curricula [105].
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Collaboration with care navigation organizations to facilitate patient access to food aid resources [99,107].
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Implement SEARCH (Screen, Educate, Adjust, Recognize, Connect, Help) in patient care [[108], [109]].
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