TABLE 1.
Golgi enzymes linked to glycosylation alterations in cancer.
| Gene | Golgi protein | Function | Golgi location | Cancer type | Selected References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GALNT3 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 | Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor | medial/trans | pancreatic cancer | Chugh et al. (2016) | |
| GALNT2 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 | Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor | medial/trans | hepatocellular carcinoma | Wu et al. (2011) | |
| GALNT6 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 | Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor | medial/trans | breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma | Park et al. (2010); Lin et al. (2017) | |
| GALNT14 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 | Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor | medial/trans | breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, non–small-cell lung cancer, and melanoma | Shan et al. (2018) | |
| B4GALNT2 | Beta-1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 | Transfers a beta-1,4-linked GalNAc to the galactose residue of an alpha-2,3-sialylated chain | trans | colon cancer, breast cancer | Pucci et al. (2020); Yu et al. (2021a) | |
| B4GALT3 | Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 | Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids | trans | neuroblastoma | Chang et al. (2013) | |
| B4GALT1 | Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 | Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids | trans | lung cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, colon cancer, hepatocellular cancer, prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, | Wei et al. (2008); Choi et al. (2012); Shinzaki et al. (2012); Zhou et al. (2013); Radhakrishnan et al. (2011); Xie et al. (2016); De Vitis et al. (2019) | |
| ST6GAL1 | Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 | Transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing acceptor substrates | trans | stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer | Kudo et al. (1998); Dall'Olio and Chiricolo (2001); Lise et al. (2000); Sewell et al. (2006); Marcos et al. (2011); Schultz et al. (2013); Chakraborty et al. (2018); Park and Lee (2013); Dalziel et al. (2001) | |
| ST3GAL2 | CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 | A beta-galactoside alpha2-3 sialyltransferase primarily involved in terminal sialylation of ganglio and globo series glycolipids | trans | colorectal cancer | Kudo et al. (1998) | |
| ST3GAL3 | CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase | Catalyzes the formation of the NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-, NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GlcNAc- and NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc- sequences found in terminal carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids | trans | T-cell leukemia | Radhakrishnan et al. (2011) | |
| ST3GAL4 | CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 | A beta-galactoside alpha2-3 sialyltransferase involved in terminal sialylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids | trans | colorectal cancer | Kudo et al. (1998) | |
| MGAT5 | Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A | Catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in beta 1–6 linkage to the alpha-linked mannose of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides C-6 of the core α1-6Man | medial/trans | breast cancer, colon cancer | Seberger and Chaney (1999); Granovsky et al. (2000); Guo et al. (2014) | |
| MGAT3 | Beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase | Catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine in beta 1–4 linkage to the beta-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core of N-linked sugar chains, called bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) | medial | lung cancer | Yoshimura et al. (1995) | |
| MGAT1 | Catalyzes the first GlcNAc residue to the C-2 of the α1-3Man in the core of Man5GlcNAc2 | Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase | cis/medial | prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer | Beheshti Zavareh et al. (2012); Yu et al. (2021b); Takayama et al. (2020); Sethi et al. (2014) | |
| FUT3 | 3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase | Catalyzes the transfer of L-fucose, from a guanosine diphosphate-beta-L-fucose, to both the subterminal N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) of type 1 chain (beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc) glycolipids and oligosaccharides via an alpha(1,4) linkage, and the subterminal glucose (Glc) or GlcNAc of type 2 chain (beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc) oligosaccharides via an alpha(1,3) linkage, independently of the presence of terminal alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2) moieties on the terminal galactose of these acceptors | trans | pancreatic cancer | Zhan et al. (2018) | |
| FUT6 | 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase | Catalyzes the transfer of L-fucose, from a guanosine diphosphate-beta-L-fucose, to the N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) of a distal alpha2,3 sialylated lactosamine unit of a glycoprotein- or a glycolipid-linked sialopolylactosamines chain or of a distal or internal lactosamine unit of a neutral glycoprotein- or a glycolipid-linked polylactosamines chain through an alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkage | trans | breast cancer | Matsuura et al. (1998) | |
| FUT7 | Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 | Catalyzes the transfer of L-fucose, from a guanosine diphosphate-beta-L-fucose, to the N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) of a distal alpha2,3 sialylated lactosamine unit of a glycoprotein or a glycolipid-linked sialopolylactosamines chain through an alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkage | trans | T cell leukemia | Hiraiwa et al. (2003) | |
| FUT8 | Alpha-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase | Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1–6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans | medial | hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer | Noda et al. (1998); Wang et al. (2009); Liu et al. (2011); Potapenko et al. (2010) | |
| C1GALT1C1 | C1GALT1-specific chaperone 1 | Probable chaperone required for the generation of 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins. Probably acts as a specific molecular chaperone assisting the folding/stability of core 1 beta-3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) | cis | gastric carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma | Wang et al. (2010); Ju et al. (2014); Shen et al. (2020) | |
| C1GALT1 | Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 | Glycosyltransferase that generates the core 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins | cis | breast cancer | Chou et al. (2015) | |
| GCNT3 | Beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 | Glycosyltransferase that can synthesize all known mucin beta 6 N-acetylglucosaminides. Mediates core 2 and core 4 O-glycan branching | medial | breast cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer | Dalziel et al. (2001) | |
| GCNT2 | N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase | Branching enzyme that converts linear into branched poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans | medial | melanoma | Sweeney et al. (2018) |