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. 2021 Dec 10;12:775526. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775526

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Copyright © 2021 Zheng and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of other microbial metabolites in liver injury and regeneration. Gut microbiota is responsible for the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indoles from cellulose and tryptophan in food-intake, respectively. SCFAs can activate host G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41/43, and indoles can activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR), contributing to gut barrier protection, metabolism homeostasis, and immune regulation, which may facilitate liver regeneration by alleviating liver injury.