Table 2. Patient, Family, and Hospitalization Characteristics Across Duration of Postdischarge School Absence Category (N = 399).
| Characteristic | School absence categorya | P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No absence | Short absence (n = 94) | Medium absence (n = 92) | Long absence (n = 93) | ||
| Duration of school absence, median (IQR) [range], d | 0 (0-0) [0-0] | 5.7 (2.9-7.9) [0.3-10.0] | 17.0 (13.6-22.1) [10.7-30.7] | 64.3 (43.8-96.3) [31.7-219.8] | <.001 |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age at PICU admission, median (IQR), y | 3.4 (0.6-10.1) | 6.7 (4.4-10.9) | 6.5 (3.4-12.3) | 9.0 (5.8-12.5) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 52 (43.3) | 37 (39.4) | 43 (46.7) | 42 (45.2) | .59 |
| Male | 68 (56.7) | 57 (60.6) | 49 (53.3) | 51 (54.8) | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| Asian | 7 (5.8) | 4 (4.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | .93 |
| Black | 22 (18.3) | 18 (19.1) | 21 (22.8) | 17 (18.5) | |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 16 (13.3) | 12 (12.8) | 11 (12.0) | 13 (14.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 67 (55.8) | 55 (58.5) | 59 (64.1) | 61 (66.3) | |
| Otherc | 8 (6.7) | 5 (5.3) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | |
| Missing, No. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Functional impairment (POPC >1) at baselined | 28 (23.3) | 21 (22.3) | 33 (35.9) | 42 (45.2) | <.001 |
| Preexisting comorbidity | |||||
| Asthma | 13 (10.8) | 34 (36.2) | 21 (22.8) | 11 (11.8) | .89 |
| Cancer | 6 (5.0) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | 19 (20.4) | <.001 |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 4 (3.3) | 3 (3.2) | 6 (6.5) | 10 (10.7) | .02 |
| Prematurity | 12 (10.0) | 8 (8.5) | 9 (9.8) | 10 (10.7) | .82 |
| Neurological/neuromuscular disorder | 10 (8.3) | 7 (7.4) | 6 (6.5) | 18 (19.3) | .02 |
| Seizure disorder | 7 (5.8) | 11 (11.7) | 14 (15.2) | 17 (18.3) | .004 |
| No known comorbidity | 73 (60.8) | 51 (54.3) | 43 (46.7) | 56 (60.2) | .009 |
| Family characteristics | |||||
| Primary caregiver educational level | |||||
| Some high school | 5 (5.5) | 8 (11.3) | 9 (13.6) | 3 (4.8) | .77 |
| High school graduate | 18 (19.8) | 17 (23.9) | 18 (27.3) | 14 (22.6) | |
| Some college or technical school | 35 (38.5) | 15 (21.1) | 12 (18.2) | 22 (35.5) | |
| College graduate/postgraduate | 33 (36.3) | 31 (43.7) | 27 (40.9) | 23 (37.1) | |
| Missing, No. | 29 | 23 | 26 | 31 | |
| Primary caregiver main daily activities | |||||
| Working | .47 | ||||
| Full-time | 48 (40.3) | 52 (55.9) | 48 (53.3) | 43 (46.7) | |
| Part-time | 16 (13.4) | 17 (18.3) | 18 (20.0) | 14 (15.2) | |
| Keeping house/raising children | 42 (35.3) | 17 (18.3) | 17 (18.9) | 27 (29.3) | |
| Other (ie, student, retired, disabled) | 13 (10.9) | 7 (7.5) | 7 (7.8) | 8 (8.7) | |
| Missing, No. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Secondary caregiver main daily activities | |||||
| Working | .13 | ||||
| Full-time | 74 (77.9) | 52 (72.2) | 58 (89.2) | 61 (82.4) | |
| Part-time | 7 (7.4) | 8 (11.1) | 2 (3.1) | 4 (5.4) | |
| Keeping house/raising children | 4 (4.2) | 5 (6.9) | 5 (7.7) | 3 (4.1) | |
| Other (ie, student, retired, disabled) | 10 (10.5) | 7 (9.7) | 0 | 6 (8.1) | |
| Missing, No. | 25 | 22 | 27 | 19 | |
| Household income of zip code of residence, median (IQR), $ | 55 521 (43 215-73 490) | 62 691 (45 813-82 069) | 56 315 (45 603-75 406) | 63 571 (47 485-83 564) | .14 |
| Income category of zip code of residence | |||||
| <$40 000 | 24 (20.0) | 16 (17.0) | 12 (13.0) | 11 (11.8) | .13 |
| $40 000-$79 999 | 70 (58.3) | 51 (54.3) | 59 (64.1) | 56 (60.2) | |
| ≥$80 000 | 26 (21.7) | 27 (28.7) | 21 (22.8) | 26 (28.0) | |
| Duration of missed work of primary caregiver, median (IQR), d | |||||
| During hospitalization | 8 (2-14) | 8 (5-15) | 15 (8-20) | 20 (10-30) | <.001 |
| After hospitalization | 0 (0-5) | 2 (0-5) | 5 (0-10) | 10 (0-39) | <.001 |
| Hospitalization characteristics | |||||
| PRISM III-12 score, median (IQR)e | 7.5 (5-11) | 8 (4-13) | 7 (3-14) | 10 (5-16) | .10 |
| Primary diagnosis category | |||||
| Bronchiolitis or asthma | 38 (31.7) | 32 (34.0) | 22 (23.9) | 6 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Pneumonia or aspiration pneumonia | 60 (50.0) | 46 (48.9) | 47 (51.1) | 52 (55.9) | |
| Acute respiratory failure related to sepsis | 13 (10.8) | 11 (11.7) | 12 (13.0) | 22 (23.7) | |
| Otherf | 9 (7.5) | 5 (5.3) | 11 (11.9) | 13 (14.0) | |
| Randomized to RESTORE sedation protocol | 58 (48.3) | 49 (52.1) | 41 (44.6) | 46 (49.5) | .87 |
| PICU length of stay, median (IQR), d | 9.7 (6.0-16.5) | 7.3 (4.6-10.9) | 10.4 (7.0-14.4) | 12.7 (6.8-19.3) | .04 |
| Functional impairment (POPC >1) at discharged | 39 (32.5) | 26 (27.7) | 48 (52.2) | 54 (58.1) | <.001 |
| Posthospitalization outcomes in 6 mo after discharge | |||||
| Emergency department use | 44 (36.7) | 24 (25.5) | 30 (32.6) | 42 (45.2) | .20 |
| Hospital readmission | 31 (25.8) | 13 (13.8) | 27 (29.3) | 41 (44.1) | .002 |
Abbreviations: PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; POPC, Pediatric Overall Performance Category; PRISM III-12, Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score from first 12 hours in the PICU; RESTORE, Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (%) of patients. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.
Calculated for comparisons across categories using the χ2 test for trend or the nonparametric test for trend (Jonckheere-Terpstra test) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
Other includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and multiracial or more than 1 race and ethnicity.
Disability was determined using the POPC. A score of 1 indicates a good functional status, whereas a score of 2 or greater represents at least mild disability.
Uses physiologic and laboratory variables from the first 12 hours of PICU admission to calculate the overall risk of mortality. Scores range from 0 to 74, with higher scores representing a higher risk of mortality.
Includes pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, laryngotracheobronchitis, thoracic trauma, pneumothorax, acute chest syndrome, pertussis, exacerbation of lung disease (cystic fibrosis or bronchopulmonary dysplasia), acute respiratory failure related to blood transfusions, acute respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation, and other.