Figure 8.

Scheme of the preparation of calcium carbonate/magnesium oxide/carboxymethyl chitosan/bone morphogenetic protein 2 (CaCO₃/MgO/CMC/BMP2) scaffolds and their applications in vivo. Eggshell micropowder nanoparticles modified using MgO (CaCO₃/MgO) were prepared in situ and then mixed with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). A porous scaffold was prepared via chemical crosslinking. The osteoinductivity of this scaffold was characterized at the molecular, cellular, and animal levels. The osteogenic mechanism of the prepared scaffold was related to the release of Mg²⁺ and BMP2, and it could significantly promote seed cell osteogenic differentiation through the ERK1/2 and Akt pathways. Adapted from [193], Elsevier, 2020.