Table 4.
Effects of training on the circulating concentrations of TNF-α in sedentary adults who were overweight or obese.
| Study | Subjects | Experimental Conditions | Training Protocol | Pre- vs. Post-Training Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass (%) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | ||||
| Bruun et al. 2005 | Men (n = 11) & Women (n = 12) (NR yr) | EC1: ET (45.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2; n = 23) | 15 weeks 5 days/week 2–3 h/session Moderate intensity (NR) |
EC1: 46.0 ± 2.5 vs. 41.1 ± 2.3 * | EC1: 1.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 |
| Klimcakova et al. 2006 | Men (50.4 ± 2.3 yr) (n = 12) | EC1: RT (33.6 ± 1.2 kg/m2; n = 12) | 12 weeks 3 days/week 60 min/session 17 exercises, 1 × 12−15 at 60–70% RM |
EC1: 31.6 ± 4.9 vs. 30.1 ± 4.2 | EC1: 2.0 ± 1.5 vs. 2.3 ± 2.2 |
| Kondo et al. 2006 | Women (18 to 23 yr) (n = 16) | EC1: ET (29.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2; n = 8) EC2: Control (21.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2; n = 8) |
28 weeks 4–5 days/week >30 min/session (300–400 kcal) 60–70% HRR |
EC1: 29.8 ± 0.9 vs. 25.6 ± 4.6 * EC2: 22.5 ± 8.9 vs. 18.5 ± 3.2 * | EC1: 7.6 ± 2.3 vs. 4.8 ± 1.2 * EC2: 2.3 ± 0.9 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4 |
| Polak et al. 2006 | Women (40.4 ± 6.7 yr) (n = 25) | EC1: ET (32.2 ± 2.2 kg/m2; n = 25) | 12 weeks 5 days/week 45 min/session Cycling at 55–65% VO2max |
EC1: 38.8 ± 4.2 vs. 36.3 ± 4.6 * | EC1: 6.1 ± 7.6 vs. 4.8 ± 4.5 |
| Leggate et al. 2012 | Men (23.7 ± 5.2 yr) (n = 12) | EC1: HIIT (29.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2; n = 12) | 2 weeks 3 days/week HIIT 10 × (4 min 85% VO2peak + NR R) |
NR | EC1: 1.3 ± 0.4 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| Auerbach et al. 2013 | Men (20 to 40 yr) (n = 48) | EC1: ET (28.1 ± 1.3 kg/m2; n = 12) EC2: Control (28.1 ± 1.3 kg/m2; n = 12) |
12 weeks 7 days/week 65–85% HRR (600 kcal) |
EC1: 31.3 ± 4.1 vs. 29.4 ± 3.8 * EC2: 31.3 ± 4.1 vs. 31.1 ± 3.5 |
EC1: 7.1 ± 2.4 vs. 8.0 ± 3.1 EC2: 7.1 ± 2.4 vs. 6.7 ± 2.0 |
| Ho et al. 2013 | Men (n = 10) & Women (n = 87) (40 to 65 yr) | EC1: ET (32.7 (25.0–45.6) kg/m2; n = 15) EC2: RT(33.0 (25.8–44.6) kg/m2; n = 16) EC3: Concurrent training (33.3 (23.4–40.2) kg/m2; n = 17) EC4: Control (32.4 (26.0–48.0) kg/m2; n = 16) |
12 weeks 5 days/week 30 min/session EC1: treadmill at 60% HRR EC2: 5 exercises (4 × 8–12 at 10 RM, R = 60 s) EC3: 15 min treadmill 60% HRR + 5 exercises (2 × 8–12 at 10 RM, R = 60 s) |
EC1: 44.6 (30.7–52.5) vs. NR EC2: 43.7 (34.6–52.2) vs. NR EC3: 45.8 (28.8–55.5) vs. NR EC4: 46.5 (35.9–9.9) vs. NR |
EC1: 14.6 (8.1–23.3) vs. ~11.6 ± 1.0 * EC2: 12.0 (6.4–20.0) vs. ~8.8 ± 0.5 * EC3: 12.6 (4.3–25.8) vs. ~8.6 ± 1.0 *,# EC4: 10.2 (4.9–17.0) vs. ~9.6 ± 0.5 |
| Lakhdar et al. 2013 | Women (~38 yr) + (n = 30) | EC1: ET (33.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2; n = 10) | 24 weeks 3 days/week Treadmill 30–45 min at 55–80% HRmax |
EC1: 41.3 ± 1.2 vs. 41.1 ± 1.3 | EC1: 2.62 ± 0.29 vs. 2.45 ± 0.26 |
| Loria-Kohen et al. 2013 | Men (n = 46) and Women (n = 46) (18 to 50 yr) | EC1: RT (29.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2; n = 19) EC2: ET (28.9 ± 1.7 kg/m2; n = 25) EC3: Concurrent training (28.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2; n = 22) |
22 weeks 3 days/week EC1: 8 exercises (1 × 15 at 50–60% 15 RM (R = 15 s) EC2: treadmill or cycle 50–60% HRR EC3: treadmill or cycle 50–60% HRR + 8 exercise (1 × 15 at 50–60% 15 RM (R = 15 s) |
EC1: 40.2 ± 6.7 vs. 36.1 ± 7.7 * EC2: 39.8 ± 5.6 vs. 35.3 ± 6.8 * EC3: 37.5 ± 6.0 vs. 30.0 ± 7.6 * |
EC1: 4.96 (4.18–5.48) vs. 4.44 (3.98–5.21) EC2: 3.60 (3.14–4.87) vs. 3.31 (2.66–4.38) EC3: 4.68 (0.91–7.33) vs. 4.41 (0.73–6.17) |
| Nikseresht et al. 2014 | Men (34 to 46 yr) (n = 32) | EC1: HIIT (NR; n = 12) EC2: RT (NR; n = 12) EC3: Control (NR; n = 10) |
12 weeks 3 days/week 45–60 min/session EC1: 4 × (4 min 80–90% HRmax + 3 min 55–65% HRmax) EC2: 1–4 s/2–20 rep 40–95% RM (R = 1–7 min) |
EC1: ~30.4 vs. ~27.9 *,#
EC2: ~30.0 vs. ~27.4 *,# EC3: ~29.5 vs. ~30.1 |
EC1: 2.99 ± 0.64 vs. 2.60 ± 0.54 * EC2: 3.00 ± 0.46 vs. 2.66 ± 0.53 * EC3: 2.90 ± 0.74 vs. 2.96 ± 0.64 |
| Ahmadizad et al. 2015 | Men (25 ± 1 yr) (n = 30) | EC1: HIIT (27.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2; n = 10) EC2: ET (27.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2; n = 10) EC3: Control (27.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2; n = 10) |
6 weeks 3 days/week EC1: 8 × (4–6 min at 90% VO2max + 2–3 min R) EC2: 30–70 min at 50–60% VO2max |
EC1: 24.2 ± 2.1 vs. 23.2 ± 2.1 *,#
EC2: 26.2 ± 2.3 vs. 25.1 ± 2.3 *,# EC3: 25.4 ± 2.1 vs. 26.4 ± 2.0 |
EC1: ~3.0 ± 0.8 vs. ~2.5 ± 1.0 EC2: ~2.8 ± 1.5 vs. ~2.7 ± 1.6 EC3: ~2.8 ± 1.3 vs. ~2.9 ± 1.3 |
| Brunelli et al. 2015 | Men (48.7 ± 1.0 yr) (n = 30) | EC1: Concurrent training (31.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2; n = 17) EC2: Control (31.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2; n = 13) |
24 weeks 3 days/week 6 exercise (3 × 6−10 rep RM (R = 1 min)) + 30 min running 50–85% VO2peak |
EC1: 36.0 ± 1.4 vs. 28.6 ± 1.6 * EC2: 32.3 ± 1.7 vs. 31.1 ± 1.8 |
EC1: ~2.4 ± 0.1 vs. ~1.9 ± 0.1 EC2: ~2.3 ± 0.1 vs. ~3.5 ± 0.3 * |
| Vella et al. 2017 | Men (n = 7) and Women (n = 10) (18 to 44 yr) | EC1: HIIT (29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2; n = 8) EC2: ET (33.1 ± 6.0 kg/m2; n = 9) |
8 weeks 4 days/week 30 min/session EC1: 10 × (60 s at 75–80% HRR + 60 s at 35–40% HRR) EC2: 55–59% HRR |
EC1: 35.2 ± 6.8 vs. NR EC2: 35.3 ± 7.2 vs. NR |
EC1: 2.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 EC2: 2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 |
| Duzova et al. 2018 | Women (~38.5 yr) (n = 25) | EC1: ET-steps (25.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2; n = 10) EC2: ET-walking (29.0 ± 1.3 kg/m2; n = 15) |
12 weeks 5 days/week EC1: steps aerobics 40–60 min 80% HRmax EC2: jogging-walking 50–60 min 80% HRmax |
EC1: 31.23 ± 1.76 vs. 27.33 ± 1.96 EC2: 35.81 ± 1.76 vs. 32.67 ± 1.91 |
EC1: 95.6 ± 18.6 vs. 102.9 ± 18.5 *,#
EC2: 57.5 ± 14.3 vs. 56.1 ± 13.8 |
EC = experimental condition; ET = Endurance training; HIIT = high intensity interval training; HRR = heart rate reserve; HRmax = maximal heart rate; NR = not reported; R = rest between series; RM = maximal repetition; RT = Resistance training; VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake; ~ = estimated data; * p < 0.05 within group comparison; # p < 0.05 between group comparison. Data are shown as mean ± SD.