Table 3.
Risk factors influencing triple combination escalation among the propensity score-matched population.
| Variables | Univariate HR | Multivariate HR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p Value | aHR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
| Index med | LAMA | ref. | - | ref. | - | - | |
| ICS/LABA | 1.601 | 1.402–1.829 | <0.001 | 1.632 | 1.428–1.864 | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | 55 to <65 | ref. | - | ref. | - | - | |
| 65 to <75 | 0.950 | 0.815–1.107 | 0.511 | 1.046 | 0.814–1.344 | 0.725 | |
| 75+ | 0.824 | 0.691–0.983 | 0.031 | 1.024 | 0.656–1.597 | 0.918 | |
| Sex | Female | ref. | - | ref. | - | - | |
| Male | 1.670 | 1.400–1.992 | <0.001 | 1.699 | 1.422–2.031 | <0.001 | |
| History of COPD exacerbation | None | ref. | - | - | ref. | - | - |
| 1 moderate | 1.225 | 0.996–1.507 | 0.055 | 1.213 | 0.983–1.497 | 0.072 | |
| ≥2 moderate OR ≥1 severe | 1.194 | 1.004–1.420 | 0.045 | 1.191 | 0.996–1.424 | 0.056 | |
| History of asthma | No | ref. | - | - | ref. | - | - |
| Yes | 1.133 | 0.994–1.291 | 0.061 | 1.146 | 0.998–1.317 | 0.053 | |
| History of pneumonia | No | ref. | - | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.029 | 0.831–1.274 | 0.795 | - | - | - | |
| Congestive heart failure | No | ref | - | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.002 | 0.811–1.238 | 0.988 | - | - | - | |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS/LABA, inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting beta-2 agonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio.