Table 1.
Descriptives of the included studies.
| 1st Author, Year | Country | nr. of Participants | Age (Mean ± SD/Range/95% CI) |
Sex (%Female) | BMI (Mean ± SD/95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ansuategui Echeita, 2020a *,# | [41] | The Netherlands | CLBP: 56 | CLBP: 42.55 ± 13.22 | CLBP: 33 (58.9%) | CLBP: 26.30 ± 4.77 |
| Ansuategui Echeita, 2020b *,# | [42] | The Netherlands | CLBP: 56 | CLBP: 42.55 ± 13.22 | CLBP: 33 (58.9%) | CLBP: 26.30 ± 4.77 |
| Aoyagi, 2019 | [43] | United States of America | CLBP only: 24 CLBP+: 22 Healthy controls: 22 |
CLBP only: 42.38 ± 12.37 CLBP+: 43.95 ± 14.00 Healthy controls: 41.15 ± 8.83 |
CLBP only: 15 (63%) CLBP+: 17 (77%) Healthy controls: 15 (68%) |
CLBP only: 28.76 ± 6.20 CLBP+: 31.34 ± 6.13 Healthy controls: 28.35 ± 8.10 |
| Aoyagi, 2020 | [44] | United States of America | CLBP only: 30 CLBP+: 30 |
CLBP only: 42.38 ± 12.37 CLBP+: 41.23 ± 13.81 |
CLBP only: 19 (63%) CLBP+: 24 (80%) |
CLBP only: 29.58 ± 6.43 CLBP+: 31.18 ± 6.67 |
| Ashina, 2018, # | [45] | Denmark | CLBP: 570 | CLBP: 48.31 ± 0.57 | CLBP: 305 (53.5%) | NR |
| Bid, 2017 | [46] | India | CLBP: 128 Experimental Group (n = 64) Control Group (n = 64) |
CLBP: Experimental Group: 41.33 ± 7.27 CLBP: Control Group: 41.12 ± 7.76 |
CLBP: Experimental Group: 36 (56.25%) CLBP: Control Group: 42 (65.63%) |
CLBP: Experimental Group: 24.88 ± 2.97 CLBP: Control Group: 24.72 ± 2.76 |
| Bilika, 2020, # | [47] | Greece | CLBP only: 28 Healthy controls: 50 |
CLBP only: 49.04 ± 14.811 Healthy controls: 27.90 ± 8.707 |
CLBP only: 17 (60.7%) Healthy controls: 25 (50%) |
NR |
| Chiarotto 2018, # | [48] | Italy | CLBP only: 76 | CLBP only: 50.9 ± 13.7 | CLBP only: 56 (73.7%) | CLBP only: 24.68 ± 4.30 |
| Clark, 2018 | [49] | New Zealand and United Kingdom | CLBP: 21 | CLBP: 43 (range 20–64) | CLBP: 16 (76%) | NR |
| Clark, 2019, # | [50] | United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand | CLBP: 165 | CLBP: 45 ± 12 | CLBP: 126 (76%) | NR |
| Cuesta-Vargas, 2016, # | [51] | Spain | CLBP only: 126 CLBP+: 90 |
CLBP only: 52.50 ± 12.61 (10 missing) CLBP+: 57.50 ± 12.28 (6 missing) |
CLBP only: 14 (11.1%) (84 missing) CLBP+: 17 (18.9%) (59 missing) |
CLBP only: 25.70 ± 4.23 (8 missing) CLBP+: 26.02 ± 3.89 (3 missing) |
| Defrin, 2014 | [52] | Israel | CLBP only: 15 CLBP+: 74 Healthy controls: 22 |
CLBP only: Axial CLBP: 64.5 ± 20.7 CLBP+: CLBP with radiation: 65.8 ± 12.9 Healthy controls: 54.2 ± 18.6 |
CLBP only: Axial CLBP: 6 (40%) CLBP+: CLBP with radiation: 39 (53%) Healthy controls: 12 (55%) |
NR |
| Dixon, 2016 | [53] | United States of America | CLBP: 59 Healthy controls: 44 |
CLBP: 40.56 ± 11.32 Healthy controls: 40.26 ± 11.6 |
CLBP: 27(46%) (4 missing) Healthy controls: 24(55%) (2 missing) |
NR |
| Hubscher, 2014 | [54] | Australia | CLBP: 30 Healthy controls: 30 |
CLBP: 30.6 (range 21.8–35.0) Healthy controls: 28.0 (range 21.8–31.0) |
CLBP: 15 (50%) Healthy controls: 17(56.7%) |
NR |
| Huysmans, 2018 | [55] | Belgium | CLBP only: 38 | CLBP only: 40.76 ± 13.30 | CLBP only: 24 (63.2%) | CLBP only: 24.98 ± 3.16 |
| Ide, 2020, # | [56] | Japan | CLBP only: 46 CLBP+: 206 |
CLBP only: 74.33 ± 7.57 CLBP+: 75.95 ± 7.67 |
CLBP only: 24 (52.2%) CLBP+: 140 (68.0%) |
CLBP only: 22.96 ± 2.74 CLBP+: 22.62 ± 3.16 |
| Knezevic, 2018, # | [57] | Serbia | CLBP only: 157 CLBP+: 74 |
CLBP only: 51.59 ± 13.34 CLBP+: 56.65 ± 9.55 |
CLBP only: 89 (56.7%) CLBP+: 57(77%) |
NR |
| Knezevic, 2020, # | [58] | Serbia | CLBP only: 155 CLBP+: 88 Healthy controls: 146 |
CLBP only: 51.74 ± 13.44 CLBP+: 56.77 ± 9.49 Healthy controls: 39.18 ± 14.95 |
CLBP only: 83 (53.5%) CLBP+: 66 (75.0%) Healthy controls: 102 (69.9%) |
NR |
| Kregel, 2016, # | [59] | The Netherlands and Belgium | CLBP only: 4 CLBP+: 11 |
CLBP only: 51.50 ± 15.97 CLBP+: 40.45 ± 9.20 |
CLBP only: 3 (75.0%) CLBP+: 8 (72.7%) |
NR |
| Kregel, 2018 | [60] | Belgium | CLBP: 54 | CLBP: 41.24 ± 13.04 | CLBP: 31 (57.4%) | NR |
| Leemans, 2020 | [61] | Belgium | CLBP: 50 Experimental (n = 25) Control (n = 25) |
CLBP: Experimental: 43.9 ± 12.2 CLBP: Control: 44.7 ± 12.2 |
CLBP: Experimental: 13 (52%) CLBP: Control: 14 (56%) |
CLBP: Experimental: 26.5 ± 3.8 CLBP: Control: 27.6 ± 5.1 |
| Mayer, 2012 | [25] | United States of America | CLBP only: 44 Healthy controls: 40 |
CLBP only: 42.8 ± 10.0 Healthy controls: 21.33 ± 13.6 |
CLBP only: 11 (25%) Healthy controls: 31 (77%) |
NR |
| McKernan, 2019, # | [62] | United States of America | CLBP only: 38 | CLBP only: 46.75 ± 13.74 | CLBP only: 24 (63.2%) (2 missng) | NR |
| Mehta, 2017 | [63] | United Kingdom | CLBP+: 23 Healthy controls: 21 |
CLBP+: 46 Healthy controls: 60 (range 40–81) |
CLBP+: 13 (56.5%) Healthy controls: 17 (81.0%) |
NR |
| Mibu, 2019 | [64] | Japan | CLBP: 104 | CLBP: 58.4 ± 14.2 | CLBP: 77 (74.0%) | NR |
| Miki, 2020 | [65] | Japan | CLBP: 238 | CLBP: 63.50 ± 16.0 | CLBP: 102 (42.9%) | CLBP: 24.39 ± 4.33 |
| Müller, 2019 | [66] | Switzerland | CLBP: 141 FBSS (n = 44) No FBSS (n = 97) |
CLBP: FBSS: 60.7 ± 14.2 CLBP: No FBSS: 61.3 ± 13.7 |
CLBP: FBSS: 21 (48%) CLBP: No FBSS: 60 (62%) |
CLBP: FBSS: 29.3 ± 4.6 CLBP: No FBSS: 27.8 ± 4.4 |
| Neblett, 2017, # | [67] | United States of America | CLBP only: 322 CLBP+: 323 |
CLBP only: 47.27 ± 10.56 CLBP+: 45.96 ± 11.05 |
CLBP only: 97 (30.1%) CLBP+: 121 (37.5%) |
NR |
| Noord van der, 2018, # | [68] | The Netherlands | CLBP only: 19 CLBP+: 76 |
CLBP only: 47.58 ± 15.95 CLBP+: 45.26 ± 13.73 |
CLBP only: 10 (52.6%)CLBP+: 49 (64.5%) | NR |
| Serrano-Ibáñez, 2020, # | [69] | Spain | CLBP: 23 | CLBP: 52.48 ± 10.40 | CLBP: 17 (73.9%) | NR |
| Sharma, 2020, # | [70] | Nepal | CLBP only: 22 CLBP+: 27 |
CLBP only: 34.36 ± 9.88 CLBP+: 36.22 ± 13.74 |
CLBP only: 13 (59.1%) CLBP+: 16 (59.3%) |
NR |
| Smart, 2012, # | [71] | Ireland and United Kingdom | CLBP only: 207 CLBP+: 134 |
CLBP only: 44.43 ± 14.41 CLBP+: 46.40 ± 13.07 |
CLBP only: 118 (57%) CLBP+: 75 (56%) |
NR |
| Tesarz, 2015 | [72] | Germany | CLBP: 149 nsCLBP-TE: (n = 56) nsCLBP-W-TE: (n = 93) Healthy controls: 31 |
CLBP: nsCLBP-TE: 55.8 (95% CI: 53.1; 58.6) CLBP: nsCLBP-W-TE: 58.2 (95% CI: 56.3; 60.2) Healthy controls: 60.1 (95% CI: 55.7; 64.5) |
CLBP: nsCLBP-TE: 42 (75.0%) CLBP: nsCLBP-W-TE: 61 (65.6%) Healthy controls: 18 (58.1%) |
CLBP: nsCLBP-TE: 29.0 (95% CI: 27.2; 30.9) CLBP: nsCLBP-W-TE: 28.2 (95% CI: 26.9; 29.5) Healthy controls: 26.8 (95% CI: 25.3; 28.2) |
| Tesarz, 2016 | [73] | Germany | CLBP: 176 Healthy controls: 27 |
CLBP: 56.7 ± 10.0 Healthy controls: 57.1 ± 11.7 |
CLBP: 128 (72.7%) Healthy controls: 17 (63.0%) |
NR |
Legend: CLBP patients are categorised into CLBP only and CLBP with other pain conditions (CLBP+) when possible. When no distinction can be made between CLBP only and CLBP+ it states CLBP. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. BMI: body mass index, CLBP: chronic low back pain, FBSS: Failed back surgery syndrome, NR: not reported, nsCLBP-TE: non-specific chronic low back pain—trauma exposure, nsCLBP-W-TE: non-specific chronic low back pain—without trauma exposure. * used the same population of patients in the studies. # Data provided by the authors.