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. 2021 Dec 17;10(24):5931. doi: 10.3390/jcm10245931

Table 2.

A risk of bias assessment based on QUADAS-2.

1st Author, Year Risk of Bias Applicability Concerns
Patient Selection What Index Test Index Test Reference Standard Flow and Timing Patient Selection What Index Test Index Test Reference Standard
Ansuategui Echeita, 2020a [41] ☺ CSI ☹ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
NOS ☹ NOS graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
Ansuategui Echeita, 2020b [42] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹
Aoyagi, 2019 [43] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ PPT ☺ ☹
CPM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CPM ☺
Aoyagi, 2020 [44] ☹ FM survey (WPI & SS) graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ FM survey (WPI & SS) ☺ ☹
Ashina, 2018 [45] ☺ TTS ☺ ☹ N/A ☹ TTS graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
PPT ☺ PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
Bid, 2017 [46] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Bilika, 2019 [47] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Chiarotto, 2018 [48] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Clark, 2018 [49] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Clark, 2019 [50] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Cuesta-Vargas, 2016 [51] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Defrin, 2014 [52] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg QST allodynia ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ QST allodynia ☹ ☹
Dixon, 2016 [53] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg SHS graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ SHS ☹ ☹
Hubscher, 2014 [54] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg thermal QST ☹ ☹ N/A ☺ thermal QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
Huysmans, 2018 [55] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Ide, 2020 [56] ☹ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☹ CSI ☺ ☹
Knezevic, 2018 [57] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Knezevic, 2020 [58] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Kregel, 2016 [59] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Kregel, 2018 [60] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg PPT ☺
CPM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CPM ☺
Leemans, 2020 [61] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Mayer, 2012 [25] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
McKernan, 2019 [62] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹
MBM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg MBM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
MPQ graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg MPQ graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
Mehta, 2017 [63] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
CPM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CPM graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
Mibu, 2019 [64] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg PPT graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
TS graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg TS graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg
Miki, 2020 [65] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Müller, 2019 [66] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
Neblett, 2017 [67] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Noord, van der, 2018 [68] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Serrano-Ibáñez, 2020 [69] ☹ CSI graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☹ CSI ☺ ☹
Sharma, 2020 [70] ☺ CSI ☺ ☹ N/A ☺ CSI ☺ ☹
Smart,. 2012 [71] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg N/A ☹ ☹ N/A graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg N/A ☹ ☺
Tesarz, 2015 [72] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹
Tesarz, 2016 [73] graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹ N/A ☺ QST graphic file with name jcm-10-05931-i001.jpg ☹

☹ High risk of bias, ☺ = Low risk of bias, Inline graphic = Unknown, CPM: conditioned pain modulation, CSI: central sensitisation inventory, FM-survey: Fibromyalgia survey, MBM: Michigan Body Map—revised version, MPQ: McGill Pain Questionnaire—short form-revised, N/A: not applicable. NOS: waddle non-organic signs, PPT: pressure pain threshold, QST: quantitative sensory testing, SHS: Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale, SS: symptom severity, TS: temporal summation, TTS: total tenderness score, WPI: widespread pain index.