Figure 2.

Effects of TSE on the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglial cells. The cells were pre-treated with TSE (10, 30, or 100 μg/mL) for 1 h before LPS treatment, and were treated with LPS for 23 h. The mRNA levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-6 (C) were quantified using qRT-PCR (n = 5 per group). GAPDH was used as an internal control. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and **** p < 0.0001.