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Autophagy-mediated response to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photosensitizer activation in the mitochondria enhances the formation of ROS and decreases ATP production. Energy sensing AMPK activates the ULK1 to initiate autophagy. PDT can also trigger autophagy machinery NFkB for protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis to initiate lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. Mitochondria photo-oxidation can transcriptionally regulate autophagy through MAPK, CHOP, and HIF—1α.
