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PDT-induced autophagy and resistance in hypoxic tumor. PDT is exacerbated by high levels of ROS, HIF-1α, and E-cadherin to activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cellular processes of autophagy. Alternatively, PDT in hypoxic tumor upregulates NF-kB to cause the stabilization of HIF-1 proteins and expression of angiogenic, surviving, proliferating signals that causes tumor relapse or apoptotic signal that kills the cell.
