Table 1.
Summary of in vitro Isolation of Cancer Cells Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy.
| Photosensitizer | Methods Used in the Isolation of Resistant Cell Population | Cancer Cell Line Used | Features and Possible Mechanism of Resistance |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Photofrin II | Short exposure (initial injury associated primarily with the plasma membrane) and long exposure to PII-PDT (associated with organelles and enzymes) damage. | RIF-1 Fibrosarcoma cells | Overlapping mechanisms of membrane-bound P-gp transport system amplification decreased DNA repair or altered biotransformation pathway. | [81] |
| Methyl-5-aminoleuvlinic acid (Me-ALA) | Red light doses and Me-ALA concentration was used after ten cycles of Me-ALA-mediated PDT. The survival criteria are PDT with a 5–15% rate. | Basal cell carcinoma | Resistance is dependent on the production of endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX and its cellular localization. | [82] |
| 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) | PDT-resistant cell line was isolated following repetitive cycles of ALA-mediated PDT. | Glioblastoma (U-87 MG) cells | High repair efficiency of oxidative DNA damage, high activity of apurinic site endonuclease 1 (APE1), and increased expression of DNA damage protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). | [83] |
| Pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester (MPPa) | Repeated cycles of PDT with increasing doses of Pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated PDT. | Human osteosarcoma (MG63 and HOS) cell lines | High expression of CD133, antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). | [84] |
| Methyl-5-aminolevulinic acid (Me-ALA). | Successive cycles of Me-ALA-mediated PDT. Treatment conditions that caused survival rate of 5–10% were used as selection criteria. | Squamous carcinoma cells | Increased expression of cell-substrate adhesion proteins (β1-integrin, vinculin) and phosphor-survivin. | [85] |
| Methyl-5-aminolevulinic acid (Me-ALA). | The irradiation dose that caused cellular death rate of 70–90% in parental cells was selected. | Human glioblastoma cells (T98 G). | High mRNA expression levels of Fibroblastic growth factor receptor (FGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and β-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (βPDGFR). | [7] |