Figure 2.

Pre-treatment of fucoidan extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated human PBMC cells. Cells were pre-treated with the indicated doses UPF (A–C) and FVF (D–F) for 1 h followed by LPS stimulation for 24 h. The amounts of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured from the supernatant using ELISA. Data represented as means ± SEM. Statistical analyses were carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test of three independent experiments run in triplicates (n = 3) A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001 and **** p < 0.00001.