Table 1.

Major approaches for high-throughput analysis of regulatory elements.

Perturbation Method	Effect	Element(s) Targeted	Reference(s)
CRISPR-ko	Mutagenesis	Enhancers, protein-coding genes (PCG)	[37,38,39]
CRISPR-ko	Transcription start site/whole sequence deletion	lncRNAs	[40,41]
CRISPR-ko	Splice site mutation	lncRNAs	[42]
CRISPR-ko	Tiling deletion	lncRNAs	[43]
CRISPR-ki	Synthetic polyadenylation signal (spA) insertion	lncRNAs	[44]
CRISPRi	Transcription inhibition	lncRNAs, enhancers, PCG	[45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]
CRISPRi	Epigenetic silencing	lncRNAs, enhancers, PCG	[53]
CRISPRi	Binding site interactions	Enhancers	[50,51,52,54]
CRISPRa	Transcription activation	lncRNAs, enhancers, PCG	[51,55,56,57,58]
CRISPRa	Epigenetic activation	lncRNAs, enhancers, PCG	[53]
Cas13	RNA targeting	lncRNAs, circRNA, PCG	[59,60,61,62]