Table 1.

Mode of action of phytochemicals with known inhibitory activity against enteric pathogens that caused foodborne illness from contaminated produce.

Class	Bioactive Compound	Mode of Action	Antimicrobial Activity Against	Reference
Flavonoids	Quercetin	Disruption of cell membrane integrity leading to cell leakage. Enzyme inhibition	E. coli S. aureus	[106,107,108]
	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Damage to lipid bilayer	E. coli S. aureus	[109]
	Luteolin	Membrane alteration and protein inhibition	E. coli	[110]
Tannins	Gallotannins Ellagitannins	Enzyme inhibition, substrate deprivation, metabolism reduction, and Fe deprivation	S. enterica E. coli L. monocytogenes	[111,112]
Phenylpropanoids	Coumaric acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid	Acidification of cytoplasm, physiological disturbances due to accumulation of weak acid anion	L. monocytogenes E. coli B. Subtilis Lactobacillus spp.	[113,114,115]